514 GEOLOGY. 



tions of satisfactory scientific control. The European cave evidence 

 seems to have no strict counterpart in America. In Europe there 

 arc numerous caves in which the relics of man, mingled with those 

 of many extinct animals, have been securely protected by layers of 

 stalagmite. While the ages of the stalagmite layers have rarely been 

 fixed with certainty, or well correlated with the glacial stages, they 

 bear inherent evidence of considerable antiquity. 



The association of man with extinct animals is a phenomenon 

 that may mean the extension of man's presence backward, 01 the exten- 

 sion of the animals' presence forward, and to this double-faced prob- 

 lem research has not yet furnished a final key. Obviously, however, 

 the larger the number of animal types not known to have .lived this 

 side the last glacial stage whose remains are commingled with human 

 relics, the stronger the presumption of man's presence before the close 

 of the glacial period. From this point of view, the European case 

 seems to be strong, while the American is weak. 



There is one further feature in the European case that is, at least, 

 suggestive. Two climatic classes of animals are associated with the 

 human relics, according to various European writers, — a sub-arctic 

 and a sub-tropical. Besides these, there are intermediate groups of 

 temperate aspect, but these do not carry equal significance. On the 

 sub-arctic side, there were reindeers, mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, 

 arctic gluttons, musk-oxen, and other boreal forms; on the sub-tropical 

 side, there were lions, leopards, hippopotamuses, hyenas, southern 

 rhinoceroses, and other African types. These contrasted groups, as 

 interpreted by James Geikie and others, imply migrations of the kind 

 already sketched as characteristic of the glacial period. While it 

 cannot be positively affirmed that there were no climatic oscillations 

 of a similar kind after the ice invasions ceased, there is a somewhat 

 strong presumption that those implied by these two classes of animals 

 were identical with some of the recognized climatic oscillations of 

 the glacial period. This presumption connects man with at least the 

 later of the glacial epochs. 



The relics thus associated with extinct animals have been assigned 

 to paleolithic man, and to a primitive stage of culture. They have 

 been interpreted rather by the crudeness of the rude stone artefacs 

 than by the evidences of a higher order of art which the record pre- 

 sents. If, however, the rude stone artefacs are susceptible of being 



