622 



INDEX. 



Variscan Alps, ii, 589 

 Vaughan, J. W., cited, iii, 115, 

 242, 300; (and Hill), 142, 

 143, 302 

 Veatch, A. C, (and Harris,) 



cited, iii, 411 

 Vegetation, effect on dunes, i, 29 

 effect on erosion, i, 131, 644 

 effect on sediments, i, 645 

 effect on weathering, i, 131 

 Eocene, iii, 226 

 land, Pliocene, iii, 320 

 Oligocene, iii, 252 

 terrestrial, Comanchean, iii, 



130 

 Miocene, iii, 282 . 

 Veins, i, 223, 428, 511 

 Venericardia marylandica. iii, 



243 

 Venerup's, iii, 295 

 Venus, iii, 295 



ducatelli, iii, 292 

 Vermes, geologic contribution of, 

 i, 662 

 Miocene, iii, 294 

 Vermeule, C. C, cited, i, 109 

 Vermiceras crossmani, iii, 91 

 Vermilion Cliff formation, iii, 

 313 

 district, ii, 150 

 group, iii, 208 



region, Animikean of, ii, 190 

 (Minn.) region, Huronian of, 

 ii, 180 

 Vertebrates, geologic contribu- 

 tion of, i, 663 

 marine, Cretaceous, iii, 180 

 Eocene, iii, 239 

 Jurassic, iii, 85 • 



Kinderhook, ii, 519 

 Ordovician, ii, 347 ?o 

 Triassic, iii, 45 

 Vertebrata, terrestrial, Coman- 

 chean, iii, 133 

 Cretaceous, iii, 175 

 Eocene, iii, 288 

 Jura-Comanchean, iii, 97 

 Miocene, iii, 283 

 Mississippian, ii, 537 

 Oligocene, iii, 253 

 Pennsylvanian, ii, 606 

 Permian, ii, 666 

 Pleistocene, iii, 495 

 Pliocene, ii, 321 

 Triassic, Hi, 41 

 Very, F. W., cited, ii, 674 

 Vesuvius, i, 605 

 Viburnum, iii, 173 



inaequilaterale, iii, 174 

 Vicksburg formation, iii, 199, 



244 

 Vienna basin, Miocene of, iii, 

 277 

 Oligocene of, iii, 250 

 Pliocene of, iii, 319 

 Vincentown limesand, iii, 189 

 Viola limestone, iii, 563 

 Virginia, natural bridge of, i, 156 

 section of strata in, iii, 548 

 slate, ii. 190 



Virginia, Triassic coal-beds of, 

 iii, 17 

 Triassic flora of, iii, 40 

 Viridite, 1, 467 

 Vishnu formation, ii, 153; iii, 



574 

 Vishnutherium, iii, 323 

 Vitulina pustulosa, ii, 471, 472 

 Viverridae, iii, 237 

 Viviparus montanaensis, iii, 134 

 Volcanic action, causes of, i, 

 623-633 

 climax of, ii, 116 

 periodicity of, i, 607 

 Volcanic ash, i, 23, 404, 592, 617 

 bombs, i, 406, 592, 617 

 cinders, i, 592 

 cones, i, 500 

 debris in sea, i, 381 

 differentiation of earth mat- 

 ter, ii, 120 

 dust, see Volcanic ash 

 eon, ii, 91 

 eruptions, i, 594 



and atmospheric pressure, i, 



606 

 and tidal strain, i, 607 

 types of, i, 593 

 gases, i, 617-623 

 action of, i, 617 

 kinds of, i, 618 

 proportions of, i, 620, 622 

 sources of, i, 619-621, 633 

 glass, see Obsidian 



in sea, i, 381 

 mud, i, 380, 610 

 neck, i, 500 

 plug, i, 500 

 rocks, i, 395-418 

 rocks, residual gases in, i, 619 

 smoke, i, 592, 617 

 Volcanoes, i, 599-611 



coincidence in eruption of, i, 



606 

 cones of, i, 608 



distribution of, in curved lines, 

 i, 603 

 in latitude, i, 603 

 in relation to crustal move- 

 ments, i, 601, 604, 628 

 in relation to land and sea, 



i, 599 

 in time, i, 599 

 independence of, i, 605, 623 

 periodicity of, i, 607 

 relations of, i, 604-607 

 Voltzia, ii, 645-646 



heterophylla, ii, 645 

 Volume of ocean, i, 325 

 Von Huene, cited, iii, 44 

 Von Richthofen.F., cited, iii, 407 

 Vuggs, i, 437 



Vulcan formation, ii, 187 

 Vulcanism, i, 2, 590-637 

 causes of, i, 623-633 

 dynamics of rise of lava, ii, 103 

 effects on coast-lines, i, 332 

 heat of, ii, 91-101 

 initiation of. ii, 99 

 marine, i, 332 



Vulcanism, mode of extrusion, 

 ii, 102 



Pleistocene, iii. 447 



Pliocene, iii, 315, 317 



time relations to atmosphere, 

 ii, 106 

 Vulcanism and deep sedimen- 

 tation, i, 629 



and ground-watT, i, 635 



and rotation, i, 603 



Waagenoceras cumminsi, ii, 654 

 Wabaunsee formation, in, 564 

 Wachsmuth, C, (and Springer,) 



cited, ii, 400, 523, 526 

 Wacke, i, 422, 473, 645 

 Wad, i, 467 

 Walchia, ii, 645 



piniformis, ii, 644 

 Walcott, C. D., cited, i, 194, 

 246. 371 . 438, 440, 441 . 502, 

 503, 509; ii, 153, 210. 

 218, 224, 225, 240, 249, 

 263, 264, 265, 280, 283, 

 296, 324, 334. 335, 347, 

 348, 366, 412, 435, 506, 

 623; iii, 481, 574, 576 

 Walden sandstone, iii, 551 

 Wallace, A. R., cited, 1, 665, 



668; iii, 150 

 Walnut family, rate of migra- 

 tion, iii, 533 

 Walther, J., cited, i, 50, 670 

 Wanner, A., cited, iii, 40 

 Wapanucka limestone, iii, 562 

 Wapsipinicon formation, iii, 558 

 Ward, L. F., cited, iii, 39, 40, 



59,94, 119, 131, 132 

 Warming, E., cited, 1, 667 

 Warping, effect of, on streams 

 i, 171 

 of earth's crust, 1,526,541,542 

 Warsaw formation, ii, 561 

 Wartburg sandstone, iii, 549 

 Wasatch mountains, lateral mo- 

 raines of, i, 303 

 Wasatch stage of Eocene, iii, 208 

 Washington, H. S., cited, i, 412 



45i, 573 

 Washington, loess in, iii, 409 

 section of strata in, iii, 578 

 Washington gneiss, iii, 547 

 sandstone, iii, 560 

 sandstone, and shale, ii, 562; 

 iii, 560 

 Washita series, iii, 116 

 Wassemer beds, in, 308 

 Waste of glaciers, i, 273 

 Water, see Streams, Ground- 

 water, Ocean, etc. 

 amount of. i, 7 

 geologic activity of, i, 8 

 Waterfalls, i, 132 



development of, i, 133 

 Minnehaha, i, 137 

 Niagara, 1, 139 



age of, iii, 415 

 St. Anthony, i. ^35 



age of, iii, 415 

 Shoshone, i, 135 



