Xll CONTENTS. 



Chapter IX. — On the different Ages of the Aqueous Hocks. 



On the three tests of relative age — superposition, mineral character, and fossils — 

 Change of mineral character and fossils in the same formation — Proofs that 

 distinct species of animals and plants have lived at successive periods — Dis- 

 tinct provinces of indigenous species — Similar laws prevailed at successive 

 geological periods — Test of age by included fragments — Frequent absence of 

 strata of intervening periods — General Table of Fossiliferous strata Page 96 



Chapter X. — Classification of Tertiary Formations. — Post Pliocene Group. 



General principles of classification of tertiary strata — Difficulties in determining 

 their chronology — Increasing proportion of living species of shells in strata 

 of newer origin — Terms Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene — Post-Pliocene recent 

 strata ..-.----. 109 



Chapter XI. — Newer Pliocene Period. — Boulder Formation. 



Drift of Scandinavia, northern Germany, and Kussia — Fundamental rocks pol- 

 ished, grooved, and scratched — Action of glaciers and icebergs — Fossil shells 

 of glacial period — Drift of eastern Norfolk — Ancient glaciers of North "Wales 

 —Irish drift - k ----- 126 



Chapter XII. — Boulder Formation — continued. 



Effects of intense cold in augmenting the quantity of alluvium — Analogy of er- 

 ratics and scored rocks in North America, Europe, and Canada — Why organic 

 remains so rare in northern drift — Many shells and some quadrupeds survived 

 the glacial cold — Alps an independent centre of dispersion of erratics — Me- 

 teorite in Asiatic drift - - - - - - 13Y 



Chapter XIII. — Newer Pliocene Strata and Cavern Deposits. 



Pleistocene formations — Freshwater deposits in valley of Thames — In Norfolk 

 cliffs — In Patagonia — Comparative longevity of species in the mammalia and 

 testacea — Crag of Norwich — Newer Pliocene strata of Sicily — Osseous breccias 

 and cavern-deposits — Sicily — Kirkdale — Australian cave-breccias — Relation- 

 ship of geographical provinces of living vertebrata and those of Pliocene species 

 — Teeth of fossil quadrupeds - - - - - -152 



Chapter XIV. — Older Pliocene and Miocene Formations. 



Red and Coralline crags of Suffolk — Fossils, and proportion of recent species — 

 Depth of sea, and climate — Migration of many species of shells southwards 

 during the glacial period — Antwerp crag — Subapennine beds — Miocene forrna- 

 tf.bns — Faluns of Touraine — Depth of sea and littoral character of fauna — 

 Climate — Proportion of recent species of shells — Miocene strata of Bordeaux, 

 Belgium, and North Germany — Older Pliocene and Miocene formations in the 

 United States — Sewalik Hills in India - - - - - 167 



Chapter XV. — Upper Eocene Formations. (Lower Miocene of many authors.) 



Remarks on classification, and on the line of separation between Eocene and 

 Miocene — "Whether the Limburg strata in Belgium should be called Upper 

 Eocene — Strata of same age in North Germany — Mayence basin — Brown Coal 

 of Germany — Upper Eocene of Isle of Wight — Of France — Lacustrine strata of 

 Auvcrgne and the Cantal — Upper Eocene of Bordeaux, <fcc. — Of Nebraska, 

 United States - - - - - - - -188 



Chapter XVI. — Middle and Lower Eocene Formations. 



Middle Eocene strata of England — Fluvio-marine series in the Isle of Wight and 

 Hampshire — Successive groups of Eocene Mammalia — Fossils of Barton Clay 

 —Of the Bagshot and Bracklesham beds — Lower Eocene strata of England — 

 London Clay proper — Strata of Kyson in Suffolk — Fossil monkey and opossum 

 — Plastic clays and sands — Thanet sands — Middle and Lower Eocene for- 

 mations of France — Nummulitic formations of Europe and Asia — Eocene 

 strata at Claiborne, Alabama — Colossal cetacean — Orbitoid limestone — Burr 

 stone --...-.-- 207 



