640 CLASSIFICATION OF MIOCENE 



occurred in North Germany of the association of the Hippopotamus, or 

 any genus which would indicate a climate too warm for the reindeer, 

 mush-ox, or lemming ; so that it becomes more and more probable that 

 the alleged association of the Mammoth (E. primigenius), in the valley 

 of the Thames, with the hippopotamus and monkey (Macacus plioccenus), 

 and a like mixture of the bones and teeth of the tichorhine and lepto- 

 rhine rhinoceroses in the cliffs of Norfolk, may have arisen from con- 

 founding together the fossils of different deposits and periods, or from 

 an intermixture, due to natural causes, of the fossil remains of more than 

 one epoch. 



Professor Owen remarks, that as the musk-buffalo has a constitution 

 fitting it at present to inhabit the high northern regions of America, 

 we can hardly doubt that its former companions, the warmly-clad Mam- 

 moth and the two-horned woolly rhinoceros (i2. tichorkinus), were in 

 like manner capable of supporting life in a cold climate.* 



To what part of the Pliocene Period the Cave animals of Great 

 Britain should be chiefly referred, is still a vexed question. There 

 seems, however, no reason at present to suppose any of them more an- 

 cient than the Norwich Crag ; and many caves may have remained 

 open during the glacial and post-glacial eras, while the fauna was grad- 

 ually changing, so that the remains found in them may not always be- 

 long to strictly contemporary quadrupeds. 



I have mentioned (p. 175) the occurrence in the suburbs of Rome of 

 the remains of Elephants, and referred them to E. primigenius ; but, 

 according to Dr. Falconer, there is no well-authenticated example of this 

 species having ever been met with South of the Alps. The specimens 

 from Monte Mario, and other localities near Rome, belong, according to 

 him, to E. antiquus, Falc, and E. raeridionalis, Nesti, and those in 

 Piedmont and Lombardy to the same species, together with Eleplias 

 priscus. 



WHERE TO DRAW THE LINE BETWEEN THE MIOCENE AND EOCENE 

 TERTIARY STRATA, pp. 115, 175, 183. 



Classification of the Miocene and Eocene strata — "Where to draw the line be- 

 tween Upper Eocene and Lower Miocene — Reasons for a proposed change of 

 nomenclature — Miocene fossil shells and quadrupeds of the Sewalik or Sub- 

 Himalayan hills. 



I have stated in the fifteenth chapter (p. 183), that many eminent 

 geologists consider the Marine Sands of the Forest of Fontainebleau, to- 

 gether with their equivalents in age in Belgium, Germany, and else- 

 where, as the base of the Miocene division of the great Tertiary series. 



c " Geol. Quart. Journ., vol. xii. p. 124. 



