THE PENXSYLVANIAN PERIOD. 



589 



part (Ireland to central France) of the central European Paleozoic 

 Alps formed at this time, have been called the Armorican mountains, 1 

 while the eastern part (southern France to northern Bohemia and 

 perhaps beyond), has been called the Variscan Alps. Some of the 

 stubs of these old mountains have been uplifted (relatively) in later 

 times. 



The Carboniferous rocks of some parts of Europe have been much 

 deformed. In Mons (Belgium) a shaft 1050 feet deep passes through 



Fig. 273. — Sketch of the Liege coal basin. D = Devonian; C = Carboniferous; 1, 2, 

 3 = beds of coal; /, /, etc. = faults. (Yancherpenzeel-Thim.) 



the same bed of coal six times. At Liege in Belgium, and in the Bou- 

 lonnais (France), workable coal has been reached after penetrating 

 the inverted Devonian beds. 2 While these are extreme cases, deforma- 

 tion of a less pronounced type is widespread in western Europe, and 

 not unknown elsewhere. Figs. 273 and 204 represent the compli- 



Fig. 274. — Vertical section showing the general disposition and branching of beds 

 of coal (heavy lines) at Commentry. (Fayol.) 



cated structure of the system at the localities indicated, and Fig. 274 

 shows the remarkable subdivisions or branchings of a thick coal-bed. 



Other Continents. 



Asia. — The Upper Carboniferous of Asia is represented by both 

 marine and non-marine formations. The latter are often rich in 

 coal. The marine phase is found in eastern Turkestan, at the mouth 



1 Suess, Antlitz der Erde, Vol. II, 1888, p. 42. 



2 Geikie, op. cit., p. 1053. 



