THE PERMIAN PERIOD. 



643 



the Schizoneura branch of the family also was represented. Spheno- 

 phyllum held on into the period chiefly by new species. While some 

 of the more persistent genera of Coal Measure ferns or Cycadofilices 

 were represented by new species, the majority disappeared, and new 

 genera took their places, Callipteris, Toeniopteris and Cymoglossa being 

 especially significant of the new order of things. Of the older genera, 



Fig. 295. — Permian Flora of America: a, Pecopteris tenuinervis Fontaine and 

 White; b, Callipteris conferta Bgt.; c, sterile frond of Tceniopteris newberriana 

 Fontaine and White; d, T. newberriana, basal part of a fructified frond; e, Cymo- 

 glossa obtusifolia Fontaine and White; /, Saportea salisburioides Fontaine and 

 White; g, Baiera virginiana Fontaine and White. 



Pecopteris was especially prolific in species, and Sphenopteris and Goniop- 

 teris were well represented. Just how many of these frond-genera 

 were true ferns and how many Cycadofilices remains to be determined, 

 but we are warranted in noting the singular fact that the fern-stock 

 survived changes with more success than most of its contemporaries. 

 The Cordaites continued, and initial forms of the ginkgos appeared in 

 Saportea and Baiera and gave a Mesozoic forecast to the flora. 



In Europe, most of the above forms appeared rather sparsely at 



