﻿Geology 
  and 
  Mineralogy. 
  1Z 
  

  

  ing, 
  in 
  its 
  descent 
  northward 
  and 
  southward. 
  Along 
  the 
  lower 
  

   St. 
  Lawrence, 
  the 
  flow 
  was 
  apparently 
  into 
  the 
  open 
  waters 
  of 
  

   the 
  estuary, 
  while 
  at 
  Gaspe 
  Basin 
  it 
  was 
  eastward 
  directly 
  into 
  

   the 
  waters 
  of 
  the 
  Gulf 
  of 
  St. 
  Lawrence. 
  

  

  The 
  western 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  Bale 
  des 
  Chaleurs 
  Valley 
  was 
  occupied 
  

   by 
  a 
  sheet 
  to 
  which 
  the 
  name 
  of 
  the 
  Baie 
  des 
  Chaleurs 
  glacier 
  

   has 
  been 
  given. 
  South 
  of 
  this 
  and 
  mantling 
  the 
  greater 
  part 
  of 
  

   the 
  Carboniferous 
  area 
  of 
  New 
  Brunswick 
  and 
  Prince 
  Edward 
  

   Island, 
  the 
  Northumberland 
  glacier 
  was 
  developed. 
  The 
  great 
  

   valley 
  of 
  the 
  St. 
  John 
  River 
  and 
  the 
  slopes 
  on 
  either 
  side 
  were 
  

   occupied 
  by 
  a 
  sheet 
  of 
  ice 
  which 
  has 
  been 
  designated 
  the 
  St. 
  John 
  

   Valley 
  glacier. 
  The 
  east 
  and 
  south-east 
  termini 
  of 
  these 
  glaciers 
  

   were 
  attenuated 
  and 
  were 
  not 
  accompanied 
  by 
  moraines. 
  Dur- 
  

   ing 
  the 
  epoch 
  of 
  maximum 
  ice 
  accumulation, 
  the 
  coast 
  border 
  

   was 
  somewhat 
  higher 
  than 
  at 
  present. 
  Subsidence 
  and 
  difleren- 
  

   tial 
  movements 
  set 
  in 
  towards 
  the 
  closing 
  stage 
  of 
  the 
  glacial 
  

   period, 
  which, 
  in 
  the 
  Carboniferous 
  plain 
  of 
  central 
  and 
  eastern 
  

   New 
  Brunswick, 
  are 
  evidenced 
  by 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  swerving 
  courses 
  

   of 
  striae. 
  These 
  indicate 
  that 
  the 
  watershed 
  between 
  the 
  drain- 
  

   age 
  basins 
  of 
  the 
  St. 
  John 
  River 
  and 
  the 
  rivers 
  falling 
  into 
  

   Northumberland 
  Strait 
  did 
  not 
  partake 
  of 
  the 
  downward 
  move- 
  

   ment 
  of 
  the 
  coast 
  border 
  to 
  such 
  an 
  extent 
  as 
  the 
  latter. 
  The 
  

   striae, 
  which 
  show 
  gradually 
  swerving 
  movements 
  on 
  the 
  flat 
  Car- 
  

   boniferous 
  plain, 
  may 
  be 
  taken 
  as 
  evidence 
  that 
  there 
  was 
  no 
  

   withdrawal 
  of 
  the 
  ice 
  from 
  the 
  region 
  during 
  the 
  whole 
  glacial 
  

   epoch. 
  Towards 
  the 
  closing 
  stage, 
  the 
  glaciers 
  became 
  smaller 
  

   and 
  more 
  detached, 
  and 
  floating 
  ice 
  occupied 
  the 
  bays 
  and 
  straits. 
  

   The 
  markings 
  left 
  by 
  the 
  latter 
  on 
  rock 
  surfaces 
  show 
  that 
  the 
  

   coastal 
  parts 
  of 
  New 
  Brunswick 
  were 
  then 
  from 
  75 
  to 
  150 
  feet 
  

   lower 
  than 
  at 
  present. 
  The 
  country 
  around 
  the 
  Baie 
  des 
  Cha- 
  

   leurs 
  and 
  that 
  on 
  the 
  northern 
  coast 
  border 
  of 
  the 
  Bay 
  of 
  Fundy, 
  

   seem 
  to 
  have 
  undergone 
  greater 
  differential 
  changes 
  of 
  level 
  than 
  

   the 
  central 
  Carboniferous 
  area 
  of 
  New 
  Brunswick 
  and 
  Prince 
  

   Edward 
  Island, 
  the 
  latter 
  area 
  apparently 
  occupying 
  a 
  more 
  sta- 
  

   ble 
  attitude 
  in 
  regard 
  to 
  crustal 
  oscillations. 
  The 
  subsidence 
  

   inaugurated 
  then 
  was 
  that 
  which 
  continued 
  into 
  the 
  Leda-clay 
  

   period. 
  

  

  The 
  peninsula 
  of 
  Nova 
  Scotia 
  was 
  glaciated 
  by 
  land 
  ice 
  which 
  

   gathered 
  upon 
  its 
  surface, 
  and 
  probably 
  by 
  floating 
  ice 
  in 
  the 
  

   coast 
  districts 
  at 
  a 
  subsequent 
  stage. 
  

  

  A 
  local 
  glacier 
  seems 
  to 
  have 
  accumulated 
  around 
  the 
  head 
  of 
  

   Chignecto 
  Bay 
  and 
  upon 
  the 
  isthmus 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  name, 
  in 
  the 
  

   early 
  stage 
  of 
  the 
  Pleistocene, 
  which 
  has 
  been 
  called 
  the 
  Chig- 
  

   necto 
  glacier. 
  Floating 
  ice 
  has 
  also 
  glaciated 
  the 
  isthmus 
  at 
  a 
  

   later 
  date. 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  Magdalen 
  Islands 
  no 
  evidences 
  of 
  Pleistocene 
  ice-action, 
  

   or 
  of 
  the 
  occurrence 
  of 
  boulder-clay, 
  were 
  observed 
  ; 
  on 
  the 
  con- 
  

   trary, 
  the 
  rock 
  surfaces 
  are 
  everywhere 
  masked 
  with 
  a 
  covering 
  

   of 
  their 
  own 
  debris. 
  

  

  The 
  cause 
  or 
  causes 
  of 
  the 
  glacial 
  period, 
  or 
  rather 
  of 
  the 
  

  

  