﻿JR. 
  S. 
  Tarr 
  — 
  Arctic 
  Sea 
  Ice 
  as 
  a 
  Geological 
  Agent. 
  227 
  

  

  even 
  falling 
  into 
  fragments, 
  it 
  rocks 
  backward 
  and 
  forward 
  in 
  

   its 
  effort 
  to 
  regain 
  a 
  stable 
  position, 
  thus 
  striking 
  the 
  bottom 
  

   again 
  and 
  again, 
  and 
  undoubtedly 
  stirring 
  up 
  much 
  mud 
  by 
  

   means 
  of 
  the 
  disturbance 
  of 
  the 
  water. 
  Even 
  when 
  not 
  strik- 
  

   ing 
  the 
  bottom 
  a 
  strong 
  wave 
  is 
  sent 
  down 
  to 
  the 
  bottom, 
  and 
  

   by 
  this 
  also 
  there 
  must 
  be 
  a 
  disturbance. 
  That 
  these 
  move- 
  

   ments 
  of 
  the 
  iceberg 
  are 
  performing 
  work 
  of 
  distinct 
  import- 
  

   ance 
  is 
  proved 
  by 
  the 
  muddiness 
  of 
  the 
  water 
  near 
  the 
  stranded 
  

   bergs. 
  Also 
  in 
  the 
  berg 
  fjords 
  there 
  is 
  always 
  the 
  evidence 
  

   of 
  floating 
  sea 
  weed 
  which 
  has 
  been 
  detached 
  from 
  the 
  bottom 
  

   by 
  this 
  means. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  fjord 
  which 
  I 
  studied 
  in 
  most 
  detail, 
  an 
  interesting 
  

   adaptation 
  of 
  animal 
  life 
  to 
  this 
  phenomenon 
  was 
  observed. 
  On 
  

   the 
  face 
  of 
  the 
  nunatak 
  between 
  the 
  two 
  lobes 
  of 
  the 
  Cornell 
  

   glacier, 
  a 
  colony 
  of 
  gulls 
  had 
  their 
  breeding 
  place. 
  The 
  

   moment 
  the 
  report 
  of 
  a 
  falling 
  berg 
  of 
  large 
  size 
  passed 
  

   through 
  the 
  air, 
  these 
  birds 
  left 
  the 
  cliff, 
  and 
  the 
  air 
  was 
  white 
  

   with 
  these 
  graceful 
  creatures, 
  flying 
  directly, 
  and 
  with 
  much 
  

   eager 
  chattering, 
  to 
  the 
  front 
  of 
  the 
  glacier, 
  where 
  they 
  settled 
  

   on 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  water 
  and 
  obtained 
  a 
  feast 
  of 
  shrimp 
  and 
  

   mollusks 
  which 
  had 
  been 
  stirred 
  up 
  and 
  raised 
  to 
  the 
  surface 
  

   on 
  the 
  detached 
  sea 
  weed. 
  This 
  grinding 
  against 
  the 
  bottom, 
  

   and 
  the 
  disturbance 
  caused 
  by 
  the 
  wave 
  produced 
  by 
  the 
  fall- 
  

   ing 
  ice, 
  not 
  only 
  does 
  considerable 
  work 
  of 
  erosion, 
  but 
  also 
  

   destroys 
  much 
  life. 
  Notwithstanding 
  this 
  constant 
  destruc- 
  

   tion, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  certainly 
  very 
  great, 
  the 
  fauna 
  in 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  

   the 
  fjord 
  was 
  found 
  to 
  be 
  abundant 
  and 
  varied. 
  

  

  Transportation 
  by 
  Sea 
  Ice. 
  — 
  The 
  sea 
  ice 
  of 
  all 
  kinds 
  is 
  also 
  

   doing 
  a 
  great 
  work 
  of 
  transportation. 
  During 
  our 
  voyage 
  

   along 
  the 
  Labrador 
  coast, 
  we 
  passed 
  through 
  an 
  unusual 
  amount 
  

   of 
  floe 
  ice. 
  Shortly 
  after 
  leaving 
  the 
  straits 
  of 
  Belle 
  Isle, 
  we 
  

   encountered 
  it, 
  and 
  were 
  then 
  in 
  the 
  ice 
  almost 
  continuously 
  

   until 
  we 
  left 
  the 
  American 
  coast 
  a 
  little 
  north 
  of 
  Cumberland 
  

   Sound. 
  For 
  nearly 
  one 
  thousand 
  miles 
  we 
  were 
  in 
  sight 
  of 
  

   floe 
  ice, 
  and 
  we 
  therefore 
  had 
  unusually 
  favorable 
  opportuni- 
  

   ties 
  for 
  observing 
  the 
  conditions 
  of 
  this 
  agent. 
  As 
  would 
  be 
  

   expected, 
  the 
  great 
  number 
  of 
  floes 
  were 
  pure 
  and 
  white; 
  but 
  

   there 
  were 
  many 
  that 
  were 
  transporting 
  sediment. 
  Even 
  when 
  

   the 
  ice 
  was 
  freest 
  from 
  foreign 
  materials 
  it 
  was 
  estimated 
  that 
  

   about 
  one 
  per 
  cent 
  of 
  the 
  cakes 
  carried 
  debris 
  of 
  some 
  kind. 
  

   In 
  some 
  cases 
  the 
  ice 
  was 
  perfectly 
  dirty 
  and 
  black 
  with 
  mud, 
  

   so 
  that 
  at 
  times 
  we 
  mistook 
  cakes 
  for 
  seals 
  and 
  walruses. 
  In 
  

   other 
  places, 
  in 
  smaller 
  areas, 
  fully 
  fifty 
  per 
  cent 
  of 
  the 
  floe 
  ice 
  

   in 
  sight 
  was 
  discolored 
  by 
  a 
  greater 
  or 
  less 
  amount 
  of 
  detritus. 
  

   These 
  dirtier 
  areas 
  were 
  undoubtedly 
  derived 
  from 
  near 
  the 
  

   coast. 
  

  

  