﻿228 
  B. 
  S. 
  Tarr 
  — 
  Arctic 
  Sea 
  Ice 
  as 
  a 
  Geological 
  Agent. 
  

  

  Some 
  of 
  the 
  material 
  that 
  was 
  being 
  transported 
  by 
  the 
  floe 
  

   ice 
  was 
  very 
  fine 
  in 
  texture, 
  and 
  apparently 
  had 
  been 
  drifted 
  

   upon 
  the 
  ice 
  by 
  the 
  action 
  of 
  wind 
  ; 
  but 
  much 
  of 
  it 
  was 
  too 
  

   coarse 
  for 
  this 
  origin, 
  and 
  pebbles 
  were 
  frequently 
  seen 
  upon 
  

   the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  cakes. 
  E"o 
  doubt 
  these 
  coarser 
  materials 
  

   were 
  in 
  part 
  raised 
  from 
  the 
  shore 
  by 
  the 
  ice 
  as 
  it 
  came 
  in 
  con- 
  

   tact 
  with 
  the 
  coast, 
  or 
  passed 
  near 
  it 
  ; 
  but 
  probably 
  the 
  material 
  

   was 
  more 
  commonly 
  furnished 
  by 
  rills 
  and 
  streams 
  from 
  the 
  

   land. 
  I 
  am 
  certain 
  that 
  in 
  the 
  distance 
  of 
  one 
  thousand 
  miles 
  

   of 
  ice-covered 
  sea, 
  our 
  ship 
  was 
  within 
  sight 
  of 
  thousands 
  of 
  

   tons 
  of 
  sediment, 
  which 
  was 
  of 
  course 
  being 
  slowly 
  distributed 
  

   over 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  the 
  sea 
  as 
  the 
  ice 
  drifted 
  southward. 
  

  

  Transportation 
  by 
  Glacier 
  Ice. 
  — 
  Not 
  merely 
  is 
  the 
  floe 
  ice 
  

   carrying 
  much 
  sediment, 
  but 
  notwithstanding 
  the 
  statements 
  

   of 
  others 
  to 
  the 
  contrary, 
  the 
  glacier 
  ice 
  is 
  also 
  a 
  very 
  potent 
  

   agent 
  in 
  this 
  respect. 
  Among 
  the 
  bergs 
  seen 
  in 
  the 
  south 
  it 
  

   was 
  rare 
  to 
  find 
  one 
  that 
  had 
  sediment 
  in 
  sight 
  ; 
  but 
  no 
  doubt 
  

   these, 
  which 
  had 
  been 
  floating 
  for 
  months, 
  or 
  possibly 
  years, 
  

   had 
  long 
  since 
  given 
  up 
  their 
  rock-burden 
  to 
  the 
  sea. 
  Along 
  

   the 
  Greenland 
  coast, 
  however, 
  sediment-laden 
  bergs 
  were 
  

   abundant, 
  and 
  this 
  was 
  particularly 
  true 
  in 
  the 
  fjords 
  near 
  the 
  

   glaciers. 
  

  

  The 
  sea 
  face 
  of 
  the 
  Cornell 
  glacier, 
  like 
  that 
  of 
  most 
  others 
  

   on 
  the 
  Greenland 
  coast, 
  is 
  made 
  of 
  clear 
  ice, 
  almost 
  absolutely 
  

   free 
  from 
  even 
  the 
  finest 
  sediment, 
  excepting 
  near 
  the 
  land 
  

   margin, 
  and 
  below 
  the 
  nunatak 
  which 
  furnishes 
  a 
  medial 
  

   moraine. 
  The 
  same 
  is 
  true 
  of 
  the 
  ice 
  face 
  wherever 
  the 
  

   glacier 
  ends 
  on 
  the 
  land 
  ; 
  but 
  near 
  the 
  glacier 
  bottom, 
  both 
  on 
  

   the 
  land 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  fjord, 
  the 
  ice 
  bears 
  considerable 
  debris. 
  

   That 
  this 
  was 
  true 
  of 
  the 
  ice 
  bottom 
  in 
  the 
  fjord 
  was 
  proved 
  

   by 
  the 
  evidence 
  of 
  dirt 
  and 
  bowlder-covered 
  fragments 
  that 
  

   were 
  floating 
  in 
  the 
  water 
  of 
  the 
  fjord. 
  Some 
  of 
  these 
  were 
  

   entirely 
  black, 
  and 
  we 
  mistook 
  some 
  low 
  ice 
  masses 
  for 
  islands 
  

   because 
  of 
  their 
  discoloration. 
  Moreover 
  in 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  bergs 
  

   which 
  was 
  actually 
  seen 
  to 
  come 
  from 
  the 
  ice 
  front, 
  this 
  fact 
  

   was 
  definitely 
  proved 
  ; 
  for 
  when 
  it 
  came 
  off 
  it 
  turned 
  with 
  its 
  

   bottomside 
  uppermost, 
  and 
  floated 
  away 
  as 
  a 
  dark, 
  discolored 
  

   fragment, 
  derived 
  from 
  a 
  glacier 
  whose 
  exposed 
  front 
  was 
  

   remarkably 
  white. 
  

  

  There 
  are 
  thousands 
  of 
  tons 
  of 
  bowlders, 
  gravel 
  and 
  clay 
  

   sent 
  into 
  the 
  sea 
  from 
  the 
  front 
  of 
  the 
  Cornell 
  glacier 
  every 
  

   year 
  and 
  much 
  of 
  this 
  passes 
  beyond 
  the 
  fjord 
  out 
  into 
  Baffin's 
  

   Bay. 
  The 
  sediment 
  supplied 
  to 
  Baffin's 
  Bay 
  is 
  in 
  no 
  small 
  

   part 
  derived 
  from 
  the 
  bergs 
  that 
  are 
  discharged 
  into 
  it. 
  Some 
  

   of 
  this 
  may 
  go 
  for 
  long 
  distances, 
  provided 
  the 
  berg 
  is 
  turned 
  

   bottom 
  side 
  up, 
  although 
  even 
  in 
  this 
  case 
  the 
  water 
  furnished 
  

   by 
  the 
  melting 
  of 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  ice 
  will 
  after 
  awhile 
  wash 
  

  

  

  