﻿R. 
  S. 
  Tarr 
  — 
  Arctic 
  Sea 
  Ice 
  as 
  a 
  Geological 
  Agent. 
  229 
  

  

  the 
  sediment 
  away. 
  When 
  the 
  berg 
  keeps 
  rightside 
  up, 
  as 
  is 
  

   commonly 
  the 
  case, 
  the 
  debris 
  rapidly 
  escapes 
  into 
  the 
  sea 
  ; 
  

   and 
  before 
  the 
  iceberg 
  has 
  moved 
  far 
  on 
  its 
  journey 
  only 
  clear 
  

   ice, 
  which 
  of 
  course 
  forms 
  the 
  greater 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  mass, 
  

   remains 
  to 
  float 
  away. 
  This 
  is 
  no 
  doubt 
  the 
  reason 
  why 
  the 
  

   southern 
  bergs, 
  even 
  when 
  these 
  have 
  recently 
  turned 
  upside 
  

   down, 
  as 
  is 
  frequently 
  the 
  case, 
  are 
  found 
  to 
  be 
  free 
  of 
  sedi- 
  

   ment. 
  They 
  may 
  have 
  started 
  on 
  their 
  journey 
  with 
  tons 
  of 
  

   debris. 
  

  

  Effect 
  on 
  Climate. 
  — 
  This 
  brief 
  statement 
  of 
  the 
  geological 
  

   effects 
  of 
  the 
  Arctic 
  ice 
  would 
  not 
  be 
  nearly 
  complete 
  if 
  its 
  

   effect 
  upon 
  the 
  temperature 
  of 
  air 
  and 
  water 
  were 
  not 
  men- 
  

   tioned. 
  It 
  chills 
  the 
  ocean 
  on 
  the 
  American 
  side, 
  where 
  the 
  

   movement 
  of 
  the 
  currents 
  is 
  toward 
  the 
  south, 
  and 
  by 
  this 
  

   means 
  lowers 
  the 
  mean 
  annual 
  temperature 
  of 
  Baffin 
  Land, 
  

   Labrador 
  and 
  even 
  New 
  England, 
  as 
  everyone 
  knows. 
  In 
  1896 
  

   this 
  effect 
  was 
  very 
  clearly 
  shown. 
  An 
  unusual 
  amount 
  of 
  

   floe 
  ice 
  in 
  the 
  month 
  of 
  July 
  so 
  chilled 
  the 
  water 
  on 
  the 
  

   Labrador 
  coast, 
  that 
  the 
  cod 
  fisheries 
  were 
  nearly 
  a 
  failure, 
  

   because 
  the 
  cod 
  fish 
  would 
  not 
  come 
  into 
  the 
  cold 
  water 
  near 
  

   the 
  coast. 
  It 
  was 
  also 
  most 
  strikingly 
  shown 
  in 
  early 
  Septem- 
  

   ber, 
  when 
  we 
  left 
  the 
  Greenland 
  coast 
  in 
  summer 
  weather, 
  

   proceeded 
  toward 
  the 
  southwest, 
  and 
  as 
  our 
  first 
  view 
  of 
  the 
  

   Baffin 
  Land 
  coast 
  saw 
  a 
  snow-covered 
  land. 
  An 
  ice-covered 
  

   country 
  was 
  warmer 
  than 
  a 
  nearly 
  ice-free 
  land, 
  which, 
  however, 
  

   was 
  bathed 
  in 
  water 
  that 
  had 
  been 
  chilled 
  by 
  the 
  ice 
  of 
  the 
  

   Arctic. 
  

  

  Cornell 
  University, 
  Ithaca, 
  N. 
  T. 
  

  

  A.M. 
  Jour. 
  Sci.— 
  Fourth 
  Series, 
  Vol. 
  Ill, 
  No. 
  15. 
  — 
  March, 
  1897. 
  

   16 
  

  

  