1919] STOUT—INTERSEXES 115 
been unsuccessful. Pollen grains have been removed from anthers 
- of various ages, anthers have been artificially dried to various 
stages of dryness before pollen was removed, and many kinds of 
media have been employed. In extensive tests of pollen from 4 
different plants during 2 years of bloom only one germinating 
grain was found, and this may have been accidentally introduced 
from another plant. 3 
Accurate tests of the ability to set seed have not been made 
for plants that are best classed with this form. From the evidence 
at hand it appears that the pistils are very frequently functional, 
so that the plants most typical of this class are functionally . 
female. 
It will be noted later that the flowers of numerous plants 
which would ordinarily be classed with this form are found upon 
more careful examination to present somewhat decided differences 
indicative of various grades of maleness. 
FEMALE OR PISTILLATE FORM (figs. 7-10, 58).—Plants that 
may be grouped in this class have flowers with rudimentary and 
rather reduced stamens, the tips of which only slightly or not at 
all protrude above the corolla. There is much variation, however, 
in the development of the stamens in such flowers. Frequently 
there is a differentiation of filaments and anthers as shown in 
fig. 8, and in cases even some traces of the 4 anther sacs. In other 
cases the stamens are more foliose, with no trace of anthers, as 
shown in fig. ro. 
Numerous plants with this general type of stamen have what 
may be termed “‘closed” flowers; that is, the corolla lobes do not 
spread out and become reflexed, and when the flowers are fully 
developed they appear as shown in figs. 7 and 9, a condition 
decidedly in contrast to the reflexed corollas seen in such flowers 
as shown in figs. 1 and 4. Such a reduction of corolla in pistil- 
late plants has long been recognized in gynodioecious species, and 
such a condition was recognized for P. Janceolata in the early 
observations made by Darwin (7, p. 307) and Lupwic (19, 
P. 322). Examination of such flowers shows that the blade portion 
of the petals is well developed, but that the part below the blade 
is shortened and. often crumpled; the corolla lobes, therefore, are 
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