1919} STOUT—INTERSEX ES 11g 
are fully extended their appearance suggests dehiscence, but an 
examination at earlier stages of development shows that the 4 
anther sacs develop as thin platelike and chiefly indehiscent struc- 
tures, with onky a few scattering thin areas of sporogenous tissue. 
No. 32 (figs. 32, 33).—The stamens of this plant protrude 
only slightly above the throat of the corolla. The general shape 
of the anthers is maintained, but the anthers are wholly or nearly 
wholly sterile, and there are only slight irregularities on the sur- 
face suggestive of any differentiation of anther sacs. 
Nos. 34 and 35.—-Numerous plants are to be found having 
stamens with no trace of sporogenous tissue or even of anther 
differentiation. When such rudimentary stamens are short, they 
may be entirely or nearly inclosed within the corolla as previously 
described for certain plants classed as pistillate (figs. 9, 10). In 
many cases, however, the stamens are more extended and take 
on the character of leaves, both as to general shape and color. 
One of the cases best developed in this direction is illustrated in 
fig. 34. In fig. 35 the foliose stamens were of nearly uniform 
width and were much recurved. | 
SuMMARY.—It is difficult to arrange or classify the flowers 
typical of individual plants, such as described, in any fully consist- 
ent series. Various types of flower and various grades of develop- 
ment of stamens are to be recognized, and it is evident that as 
arranged in descriptions and in plates the flowers of nos. 11-32 
comprise a series which presents a quite continuous gradation 
between such extremes as shown in figs. 1 and 7.. Stamens 
decrease noticeably in length of filaments, in size, in shape, and in 
dehiscence of anthers, in the relative amount of tissue that is 
sporogenous, and in the total number and viability of microspores 
produced. Complete absence of sporogenous tissue is seen in 
no. 32, almost complete absence of such tissue is seen in no. 30, 
and indehiscence is complete in no. 28, giving plants that can 
function only as females. Reduction in size of anthers and of 
the amount of sporogenous tissue, however, does not necessarily 
involve also a decrease in size and viability of the spores which 
are produced, as is shown in no. 18. Marked differences in via- 
bility of pollen are in evidence. Rarely was any germination 
