126 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [AUGUST 
and of simultaneous development are especially well revealed 
in self-fertilization of numerous species that. are homomorphic 
hermaphrodites. Judged by ability of sex organs to function 
together, both femaleness and maleness of sex organs are seen 
in such cases to be of various grades of intensity. Such cases 
reveal that grades of -functional or physiological sexuality may 
be quite independent of morphological sexuality. The striking 
feature of incompatibilities, however, is that sex organs which 
are functionless in some relations are highly functional in certain 
other relations. For example, it is not complete loss of female- 
ness, but only a loss in relation to certain degrees or grades of ° 
maleness. 
The conditions that exist in Campanula carpatica (PELLEW 21) 
are of special interest in indicating that variations in the relative 
development of sex organs and physiological incompatibilities may 
both operate in a single species. PrLLew finds that there is a 
wide range of variations from normal hermaphrodites to females 
- quite as I have described in P. lanceolata; it is also reported that 
nearly all hermaphrodites are self-sterile (physiological incompati- 
bility). The ‘“self-sterile’’ hermaphrodites used in the experiments 
set seed to cross-pollination, but the extent to which self- and 
cross-incompatibilities may be operating among hermaphrodites | 
‘and in crosses of hermaphrodites with females was not determined, 
and the studies do not reveal whether or not some plants classed 
as hermaphrodites may be impotent as to femaleness. 
The inheritance of various grades of intersexes in P. lanceolata 
is a problem under investigation, and a discussion of the researches 
(CoRRENS, BARTLETT, GOLDSCHMIDT, RIDDLE, PELLEW, etc.) bear- 
ing on this question therefore will not be made here. 
It is quite clear that sex differentiation is to be considered 
as morphological and as physiological. Physiologically the essen- 
tial and only index of sex in cells is the capacity for their fusion 
which culminates in the expression of that function by sex cells. 
It is in decided contrast to that property of asexuality which is 
seen in cell division and cell growth. 
Morphological sexuality consists purely and solely of adap- 
tations to facilitate the bringing into juxtaposition cells that are 
