PKAtE.] ITINEEARY. 521 



taius into- two subranges, which are especially well marked toward the 

 southern part of the district. 



Facing - Bear Lake Valley the mountains are not very rugged, and al- 

 though the peaks are high, the ascent to them is comparatively gradual. 

 The western side of the fold is the highest, forming the peaks that over- 

 look Cache Valley. The basset edges of the strata face the west and 

 give the range an extremely rugged face. The mountains are steep 

 and rise abruptly from the valley. The cations from which the numerous 

 streams emerge into the valley are very picturesque, and, what is of far 

 more importance to the settlers, furnish ample supplies of timber, build- 

 ing-stone, and lime. [Numerous saw-mills and lime-kilns have been 

 erected in nearly all the canons. 



While at the head of Mink Creek a day's trip was made into Gentfle 

 Valley, a valley well adapted for agricultural purposes, extending from 

 the canon of Bear River northward to the southern limits of the basaltic 

 flow that tills Basalt Valley and through which Bear River cuts a canon 

 several hundred feet deep. 



There are a number of ranches in G-entile Valley, and all seem to be 

 in a flourishing condition. 



FRANKLIN 10 OGDEN. 



On the 6th of September we reached Franklin, our third and last 

 supply depot for the season. Delaying only long enough to get our 

 supplies, we continued southward along the east side of Cache Valley 

 to the mouth of Logan Canon. After making a station at the forks of 

 Logan Biver in the canon, we crossed to the west side of the valley and 

 turned northward along the east side of the Malade Range to Red Rck 

 Pass, through which we crossed to Marsh Creek Valley. From the latter 

 we again turned southward into Malade Valley, with which our season's 

 work ended. 



There is no doubt, as Dr. Hayden pointed out in his reports for 1870 

 and 1871,* that all these valleys were once filled by lakes. These lakes 

 were connected. Cache Valley, Malade Valley, Marsh Valley, and 

 Basalt Valley were all occupied by lakes which appear to have " com- 

 menced in the Pliocene epoch and continued on up to the present time." 

 A view of these valleys obtained from one of the numerous peaks over- 

 looking them renders their relation to each other very apparent. The 

 isolated hills forming the Malade Range are seen to have formed islands 

 that rose above the waters of the old lake. The modern Tertiary de- 

 posits are seen jutting against the older formations that enter into the 

 structure of the mountains, and these Tertiary rocks seem to pass by 

 gradation into the more modern deposits found in the central portions 

 of the valleys. The clays and sands of these recent deposits are well 

 exposed along Bear River in the northern part of Cache Valley. The 

 further consideration of these lake basins will have to be left for a sub- 

 sequent chapter. 



From the Malade Valley our course was southward along the western 

 base of the VCahsatch Range to Ogden, at which point the party was 

 disbanded for the season. 



The party was in the field one hundred and twenty-two days, during 

 which time seventy-two camps were made, and over thirteen hundred 

 miles traveled by the pack-train. The amount of traveling done by 

 the scientific corps is very much larger, being generally from two to 



"Report II. S. Gcol. Survey for 1871, 1872, p. 20. 



