PINE GROSBEAK. 185 



having its axis continuous with that of the oesophagus or proventriculus, it 

 bends to the right nearly at a right angle. It is a very powerful gizzard, 8-^- 

 twelfths long, 8 twelfths broad, with its lateral muscles \ inch thick, the 

 lower very distinct, the epithelium longitudinally rugous, of a light reddish 

 colour. The duodenum, f, g, first curves backward to the length of 1| 

 inches, then folds in the usual manner, passing behind the right lobe of the 

 liver; the intestine then passes upwards and to the left, curves along the left 

 side, crosses to the right, forms about ten circumvolutions, and above the 

 stomach terminates in the rectum, which is 1 1 twelfths long. The coeca are 

 li twelfths in length and i twelfth in diameter. The entire length of the 

 intestine from the pylorus to the anus is 31^ inches (in another male 31); its 

 greatest breadth in the duodenum Z\ twelfths, gradually contracting to 1^ 

 twelfths. Fig. 2, represents the convoluted appearance of the intestine. 

 The oesophagus a b c; the gizzard d, turned forwards; the duodenum, ef; 

 the rest of the intestine, g h; the cceca, i; the rectum, ij, which is much 

 dilated at the end. 



The trachea is 2 inches 2 twelfths long, of uniform diameter, 1^ twelfths 

 broad, with about 60 rings; its muscles like those of all the other species of 

 the Passerinse or Fringillidse. 



In a female, the oesophagus is 2 inches 10 twelfths long; the intestine 31 

 inches long. 



In all these individuals and several others, the stomach contained a great 

 quantity of particles of white quartz, with remains of seeds; and in the oeso- 

 phagus of one was an oat seed entire. 



Although this bird is in its habits very similar to the Crossbills, and feeds 

 on the same sort of food, it differs from them in the form and extent of its 

 crop, in having the gizzard much larger, and the intestines more than double 

 the length, in proportion to the size of the bird. 



