454 Proceedings of the British Association. 



addition have an allowance of food in harvest. The rent, including tithe, 

 amounts to 1/. 15s. per acre, and all the other charges to about 5s. per 

 acre more. The allotment system has been introduced, with the appro- 

 bation of the farmers, who deem it likely to keep down the poor-rate; 

 small allotments are let at the rate of about 4.1. per acre. Out of 1,417 

 persons between the ages of 3 and 15, there are 1,120 receiving educa- 

 tion, a larger proportion than is found in any other part of the kingdom 

 that has been statistically examined. Small lending libraries exist, and 

 a Mechanics' Institute has been established. Mr. Copperthwaite entered 

 at great length into all the details of farming produce, mode of cultiva- 

 tion, rotation of crops, &c. ; but as the result showed nothing more 

 than that the agriculture of the district is susceptible of improvement} 

 we do not think it necessary to record the particulars. 



The liev. C. Drury read a paper entitled, ' Hints for improving the 

 condition of Agricultural Labourers.' He recommended the establish- 

 ment of provident societies, schools, allotments, religious instruction, 

 and assistance in food and clothing. 



Dr. Laycock read a ' Report on the Sanitary Condition of the city of 

 York,' supplementary to that which he had drawn up at the request of 

 her Majesty's Government, and which has been published. He exhibit- 

 ed a map of the city of York, constructed on a scale of sufficient magni- 

 tude to illustrate the levels, the density of population, the course and 

 prevalence of epidemics, the state of ventilation, drainage, and other 

 circumstances connected with public health. As all his communication 

 had reference to this map, which would be unintelligible if presented on 

 a small scale, we must confine ourselves to selecting some results of 

 his inquiry, which possess general interest, and are not dependent on 

 mere localities. The deaths in York on the average of the last five 

 years were nearly 1 in 40, or 1\ per cent, annually. The deaths under 

 five years of age amounted to 42 per cent, of the annual deaths, and the 

 deaths of children under one year was 23 per cent, of the annual births. 

 As this latter circumstance has been chosen by some eminent statisticians 

 as a test of the sanitary condition of a district, Dr. Laycock prepared a 

 table exhibiting a very extensive record of the per-centages of the 

 deaths under 1 year of age to the annual births. We select the follow- 

 ing examples : 



York 23-77 per cent, of deaths to births. 



Liverpool, 25-57 



Manchester, 20-19 



Leeds, 16-80 



North Riding of York, . . . . 10-27 



All England, 14-48 



