362 Himalayan Zoology. 



the wolf of Arctic America, figured by Richardson. The leopard ; it in 

 size is about that of the common one of the Himalayas, but is of a pale 

 colour, and not so much spotted. Bears are unknown : the Ursus 

 isabellinus, or Burji Bhallow of the Bhoteas, being confined to the 

 snowy regions on the British side. This is very extraordinary, seeing 

 that it is common in Cashmere and in the neighbourhood of Iskardr. 

 At Thana above Budunath, and at Neetee, it is unknown, whilst 

 in the neighbourhood of Mulari, some fifty miles eastward, it is 

 common. 



The musk deer (Moschus moschiferus,) occurs e as high up as 

 Neetee, but does not cross the Pass — it in its range being confined to 

 the British or southern side of the Himalayas. It occurs from 8,000 

 feet up to 13,000. Thus it is met at Trongnath and above Neetee. 

 In the latter locality it is rare. Of goats — the Thar (Capra Jem- 

 laica) is also confined to the southern side of the Himalayas, and 

 has a range from 8,000 to 11,000 feet. As soon as we come upon the 

 habitat of the wild sheep (Ovis nahor,) the goat is not found. It 

 therefore is confined to the above range ; whereas the Burhal is met 

 with from (11,000) Mulari up to the Neetee Pass, and abundantly 

 as stated on the plains of Tartary. The Himalayan goat presents 

 a very extraordinary character not seen in other goats — viz., in having 

 four teats. The ibex, another species of goat found in Kunwar, is 

 not met with any where, either on the Thibet side or on the British 

 side of the Himalayas, between Thana and Mulari, and seems to be 

 entirely confined to the westward. 



With reference to local names, how absurd it is to apply them to 

 animals and plants. Thus from the name one would infer, that the 

 black bear, or Bhallow, is confined to Thibet, seeing that it is styled 

 Ursus Thibetanus, — now it is not found in Thibet at all, being confin- 

 ed to the southern side of the Himalayas. It occurs, however, every 

 where from the base of the mountains to the snows, that is, from 

 llajpore in the Deyrah Dhoon and in the Dhoon itself, to Neetee, or 

 from a height of 1,000 to 14,000 feet. In October, all the inhabitants 

 of Neetee, Bumpa, Mulari, &c. migrate further down to Josimuth 

 (7,000 feet above the sea) and other towns, and return as the snow 

 melts in March. On their departure the bears take possession of the 

 villages and pull the walls to pieces in search of grain. At Mulari 



