﻿W. 
  P. 
  White 
  — 
  Silicate 
  Specific 
  Heats. 
  23 
  

  

  character 
  of 
  specific 
  heats, 
  such 
  curves 
  might 
  have 
  been 
  

   predicted 
  from 
  Kopp 
  's 
  early 
  observation 
  that 
  the 
  atomic 
  

   heat 
  of 
  oxygen 
  in 
  combination 
  is 
  abnormally 
  low 
  at 
  room 
  

   temperatures, 
  since 
  this 
  shows 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  part 
  way 
  up 
  its 
  

   curve. 
  

  

  According 
  to 
  most 
  treatments 
  of 
  the 
  subject, 
  the 
  devel- 
  

   opment 
  curve 
  of 
  the 
  specific 
  heat 
  is 
  found 
  at 
  higher 
  and 
  

   higher 
  temperatures 
  as 
  the 
  natural 
  vibration 
  period, 
  v, 
  of 
  

   the 
  atoms 
  of 
  a 
  substance 
  is 
  more 
  rapid. 
  And 
  it 
  is, 
  

   regardless 
  of 
  any 
  theory, 
  a 
  physical 
  fact 
  that 
  for 
  elemen- 
  

   tary 
  substances 
  the 
  location 
  of 
  the 
  development 
  curve 
  is 
  

   roughly 
  in 
  accord 
  with 
  values 
  of 
  vibration 
  frequency 
  

   calculated 
  from 
  the 
  atomic 
  weight 
  and 
  from 
  other 
  prop- 
  

   erties 
  involving 
  force, 
  such 
  as 
  compressibility, 
  fusibility, 
  

   etc. 
  — 
  that 
  is, 
  calculated 
  as 
  if 
  the 
  atoms 
  vibrate 
  as 
  rigid 
  

   bodies 
  under 
  the 
  influence 
  of 
  the 
  forces 
  of 
  cohesion. 
  23 
  

   There 
  is 
  some 
  tendency 
  to 
  regard 
  the 
  same 
  values 
  of 
  v 
  as 
  

   characteristic 
  of 
  the 
  atoms 
  when 
  in 
  combination 
  also. 
  

   From 
  atomic 
  heat 
  data 
  Russell 
  24 
  and 
  Nernst 
  25 
  obtain 
  for 
  

   oxygen 
  in 
  combination 
  a 
  frequency, 
  v, 
  of 
  from 
  13 
  X 
  10 
  12 
  

   to 
  30 
  X 
  10 
  12 
  per 
  second, 
  or 
  from 
  -3 
  to 
  -75 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  dia- 
  

   mond, 
  while 
  the 
  same 
  quantity 
  for 
  chlorine 
  is 
  only 
  about 
  

   54 
  X 
  10 
  12 
  . 
  It 
  follows 
  readily 
  that 
  if 
  the 
  atoms 
  really 
  

   vibrate 
  in 
  the 
  way 
  just 
  referred 
  to, 
  as 
  single 
  bodies 
  

   restrained 
  by 
  cohesional 
  forces, 
  the 
  forces 
  called 
  into 
  

   play 
  by 
  displacement 
  must 
  be 
  about 
  four 
  times 
  as 
  strong 
  

   for 
  oxygen 
  as 
  for 
  chlorine 
  ; 
  the 
  general 
  character 
  of 
  the 
  

   specific 
  heats 
  given 
  in 
  this 
  paper 
  is 
  the 
  consequence 
  of 
  

   this 
  greater 
  force. 
  These 
  values 
  of 
  the 
  forces, 
  however, 
  

   exist 
  only 
  in 
  compounds 
  ; 
  for 
  the 
  elementary 
  substances 
  

   the 
  values 
  of 
  v 
  are 
  only 
  2-6 
  for 
  oxygen 
  and 
  2-5 
  for 
  chlorine. 
  

   This 
  difference 
  between 
  element 
  and 
  compound 
  would 
  

   seem 
  to 
  show 
  conclusively 
  that 
  the 
  value 
  of 
  v, 
  the 
  atomic 
  

   frequency, 
  is 
  not 
  a 
  property 
  of 
  the 
  atom. 
  26 
  Indeed, 
  the 
  

   supposition 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  seems 
  inconsistent 
  with 
  the 
  notion 
  

   that 
  the 
  forces 
  are 
  cohesional, 
  since 
  the 
  forces 
  external 
  to 
  

   the 
  atom 
  must 
  be 
  different 
  in 
  different 
  compounds. 
  On 
  

   the 
  other 
  hand 
  Russell 
  finds 
  that 
  in 
  13 
  metallic 
  oxides 
  the 
  

   value 
  of 
  v 
  attributable 
  to 
  oxygen 
  varies 
  only 
  20%, 
  

   although 
  the 
  heats 
  of 
  formation 
  of 
  these 
  oxides 
  show 
  an 
  

  

  23 
  W. 
  D. 
  Harkins 
  and 
  R. 
  E. 
  Hall, 
  The 
  Periodic 
  System 
  and 
  the 
  Properties 
  

   of 
  the 
  Elements, 
  J. 
  Am. 
  Chem. 
  Soc, 
  38, 
  205, 
  1916. 
  

  

  24 
  Loc. 
  cit. 
  

  

  25 
  W. 
  Nernst, 
  Der 
  Energieinhalt 
  fester 
  Stoff 
  e, 
  Ann. 
  Phys., 
  36, 
  424, 
  426-430, 
  

   1911. 
  

  

  28 
  A 
  conclusion 
  also 
  reached 
  by 
  Eussell 
  (loc. 
  cit.) 
  on 
  other 
  grounds. 
  

  

  