﻿Related 
  Sedimentary 
  Surface 
  Forms. 
  251 
  

  

  the 
  formation 
  of 
  waves 
  and 
  thereby 
  the 
  trend 
  of 
  the 
  rip- 
  

   ples 
  in 
  the 
  southern 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  area. 
  

  

  "While 
  not 
  impossible, 
  it 
  seems 
  rather 
  improbable 
  that 
  

   the 
  topographic 
  changes 
  indicated 
  by 
  the 
  erosion 
  channels 
  

   of 
  northern 
  Ohio 
  should 
  not 
  have 
  influenced 
  the 
  general 
  

   shape 
  of 
  the 
  basin 
  and 
  incidentally 
  the 
  direction 
  of 
  waves 
  

   and 
  ripples 
  during 
  the 
  Bedford-Berea 
  time, 
  especially 
  

   if 
  there 
  should 
  have 
  been 
  no 
  or 
  as 
  little 
  connection 
  with 
  

   the 
  sea 
  in 
  the 
  southwest 
  and 
  west 
  as 
  indicated 
  by 
  Schu- 
  

   chert's 
  maps. 
  24 
  The 
  weight 
  of 
  this 
  argument 
  would 
  be 
  

   great 
  if 
  the 
  ripples 
  in 
  the 
  Bedford 
  and 
  Berea 
  formations 
  

   of 
  northern 
  Ohio 
  should 
  prove 
  to 
  be 
  parallel 
  to 
  those 
  of 
  

   central 
  and 
  southern 
  Ohio. 
  In 
  that 
  case 
  we 
  should 
  be 
  

   compelled 
  to 
  look 
  to 
  climatic 
  causes 
  for 
  an 
  explanation, 
  to 
  

   winds 
  blowing 
  strongest 
  and 
  most 
  frequently 
  in 
  one 
  or 
  

   two 
  opposite 
  directions. 
  Of 
  course, 
  as 
  was 
  said 
  before, 
  

   almost 
  on 
  any 
  coast 
  facing 
  the 
  open 
  sea, 
  the 
  onshore 
  

   winds, 
  having 
  the 
  greater 
  fetch, 
  are 
  most 
  apt 
  to 
  produce 
  

   the 
  largest 
  waves. 
  In 
  view 
  of 
  the 
  complete 
  absence 
  of 
  

   currents, 
  however, 
  we 
  cannot 
  assume 
  such 
  a 
  direct 
  con- 
  

   nection 
  with 
  the 
  open 
  ocean. 
  Hyde's 
  conclusions, 
  based 
  

   on 
  this 
  argument, 
  are 
  therefore 
  untenable. 
  

  

  We 
  must 
  turn 
  then 
  to 
  the 
  only 
  alternative, 
  trade 
  winds 
  

   or 
  monsoons. 
  In 
  the 
  immediate 
  neighborhood 
  of 
  the 
  

   great 
  North 
  Atlantic 
  continent 
  to 
  the 
  northeast 
  25 
  we 
  could 
  

   not 
  expect 
  to 
  find 
  trade 
  winds 
  in 
  their 
  primitive 
  develop- 
  

   ment. 
  They 
  would 
  necessarily 
  assume 
  the 
  character 
  of 
  

   monsoons. 
  Monsoon 
  winds 
  blow 
  most 
  frequently 
  and 
  

   strongest 
  in 
  their 
  typical 
  directions. 
  During 
  the 
  period 
  

   of 
  reversal, 
  calms 
  are 
  common 
  and 
  the 
  variable 
  winds 
  are 
  

   much 
  weaker. 
  By 
  way 
  of 
  illustration 
  I 
  reproduce 
  in 
  

   graphic 
  form 
  (fig. 
  11) 
  the 
  data 
  contained 
  in 
  a 
  table 
  given 
  

   by 
  Hann 
  26 
  for 
  the 
  Arabian 
  Sea. 
  There 
  the 
  mean 
  wind 
  

   velocities 
  reach 
  their 
  maxima 
  in 
  the 
  summer 
  and 
  winter 
  

   months, 
  during 
  the 
  typical 
  northeast 
  and 
  southwest 
  mon- 
  

   soons, 
  while 
  they 
  fall 
  off 
  considerably 
  in 
  the 
  intermediate 
  

   months. 
  27 
  The 
  means 
  of 
  the 
  wind 
  directions, 
  during 
  the 
  

   months 
  of 
  greatest 
  wind 
  velocities, 
  show 
  a 
  range 
  of 
  30° 
  

  

  24 
  Charles 
  Schuchert, 
  Paleogeography 
  of 
  North 
  America, 
  Bull. 
  Geol. 
  Soc. 
  

   Amer., 
  vol. 
  20, 
  pi. 
  78 
  and 
  79, 
  1910. 
  

  

  25 
  Cf. 
  A. 
  de 
  Lapparent, 
  Traite 
  de 
  Geologie, 
  vol. 
  2, 
  p. 
  891, 
  1906. 
  E. 
  Haug, 
  

   Traite 
  de 
  Geologie, 
  vol. 
  2, 
  1, 
  817, 
  1911. 
  

  

  26 
  J. 
  Harm, 
  Handbuch 
  der 
  Klimatologie, 
  vol. 
  2, 
  p. 
  196, 
  1910. 
  

  

  27 
  Comp. 
  especially 
  the 
  description 
  of 
  the 
  winds 
  of 
  the 
  Arabic 
  Sea. 
  

  

  