590 C. H. Mathewson — Metallo graphic Description 



each group of oxide particles, originally scattered through the 

 copper matrix so as to constitute an equiaxed patch of eutectic, 

 has been dragged out into a continuous train giving the appear- 

 ance of a dotted line in the photo-micrograph, fig. 71 ; dia- 

 gram of position, fig. 70, b. The annealing characteristics of 

 copper containing oxygen in this form have not been sufficiently 

 defined to justify a prediction as to the probable annealing 

 temperature. 



The direction of elongation is shown in the diagram, fig. 

 70, a and b. It is the same in both shank and blade, viz., 

 from handle to blade and from base of blade to edge. More- 

 over, in the flare of the blade, the metal decreases in thickness 

 from the center both towards the edge and the base of the blade. 

 These facts suggest that the knife was made from a flat 

 T-shaped casting in which the stem was nearly as long as the 

 finished shank and handle and the cross-piece practically equal 

 in length to the finished blade from tip to tip. 



Object No. 10 (cf. Table I). 



As may be seen from the illustration, fig. 18, this object 

 represents a broken axe blade. The axe previously described 

 (Object ISTo. 8) is also broken. Baessler (28) states that some 

 of the objects in his collection were mutilated in a manner which 

 could not have occurred through use. He believes that they were 

 intentionally mutilated before burial with the owner. The pres- 

 ent fragment shows a comparatively coarse recrystallized grain 

 with a small amount of tin-rich material which has not passed 

 into solution during the annealing treatment. This structure 

 is shown in fig. 74, diagram of position, fig. 73. There are 

 no indications of hot-working on the section examined. If 

 hot-worked at all, the piece received a subsequent anneal at 

 bright red heat whereby the characteristics of forging were 

 replaced by comparatively uniform coarse grain. 



The structure very near the edge is notable in that it shows 

 severe deformation of a character which could only result 

 from an upsetting operation; not from the ordinary method 

 of shaping the edge by lateral application of force (hammering 

 or rolling along the sides). Fig. 75 represents this feature. 

 This photo-micrograph is mounted to conform with the direc- 

 tional requirements of the diagram, fig. 73. Lines of defor- 

 mation and elongation of the grains are plainly evident. In 

 its present condition the blade is nicely rounded to a blunt 

 edge bearing scratches which indicate that it was finished on 



