632 Jaggar — Activity of Manna Loa. 



The falling spatter from the fountain was to the west and 

 north, and here on the edge of the pool was a black mound, 

 probably crescent-shaped in plan, and steep or overhanging on 

 the side of the fountain like the oven ramparts that build over 

 grottoes around the borders of the Kilauea lake. 



This spatter heap was at least seventy-five feet high and 

 made part of the background of the great fountain. Lower 

 ramparts engirdled the oval lake, which stood relatively high 

 above a region of black pools and flows south of it and from 

 it. The west side of the lake exhibited other lower fountains, 

 one of them building a small mound, and mostly in the line of 

 the big fountain and along the shore of the pool. Other 

 fountains broke through the crust of the pool from place to 

 place and time to time, seemingly indicating that the black 

 crust was foamy or light and easily punctured. The fountains 

 were indescribably different from the relatively heavy domes 

 like Old Faithful in Halemaumau. They were strikingly like 

 the flamy protuberances in the pictures of the solar corona. 



They appeared to me much redder in daylight and more 

 like flames than a heavy liquid. The suggestion was rather as 

 of an exceedingly light and gas-charged liquid, which cooled and 

 changed color even more quickly than the fluid of Kilauea, and 

 which boiled to much greater heights because of its aeriform 

 consistency. 



In the high wind which was blowing very little smoke 

 showed. Above the fountains, however, a blue fume devel- 

 oped in volutes and rose. Between the large fountain and the 

 fume above it, appeared a semi-transparent space with strong 

 uprushing heat-movement lines, which gave me the impression 

 of being a bluish flame which in darkness would have shown 

 as such. To Mr. Arthur Hannon, an artist in the party, this 

 appeared of violet color and a distinct flame. The only sinok 

 ing area was in the vicinity of the heated pool and the flows 

 below it to the south. 



The rest of the crater appeared much as in 1912 and 1913, 

 except that new detail of small mounds appeared along a 

 fissure line northward from the large fountain and beyond 

 the great mound or cone of 1903. Mr. Palmer's map will 

 serve to illustrate the line of the rift, and no doubt there are 

 new flows from this fissure over the middle region of the 

 crater. The larger central mounds, however, shown on his 

 map are not new, but are the old cones of 1903-1907, some- 

 what modified by the new eruption. (This Journal, Feb. 

 1915, 171.) 



]S y o changes were seen in the walls of Mokuaweoweo nor in 

 the north or south pits, though we could not see into the 

 latter. The southern lunate bench and parts of the crater 



