Loomis and Young — Shell Heaps of Maine. 25 



out. So only in males are the front parts of the cranium 

 preserved intact. 



Another interesting feature of the crania is the fact that 52 

 of the 53 crania belonged to indviduals which had recently 

 shed their antlers and had not as yet grown new ones. In 

 other words, these deer were killed in the spring. The absence 

 of individuals with partly developed or perfect antlers indicates, 

 further, that the camps were simply spring camps, which also 

 coincides with the best fishing season, and is the evidence that 

 these heaps were made during periodic visits to the sites. 



Moose (Pai'alces americanus (Clinton) Allen) is compara- 

 tively rare in the westera and southern localities, but becomes 

 increasingly abundant as one goes northward. As in the case 

 of the deer, the limb and toe bones are split for marrow. 

 This form would take the place of the deer in regions where it 

 could be obtained. About half of the individuals found were 

 young. 



Caribou (Rangifer caribou, B. and A.) was only found once, 

 and that in the Winter Harbor heap. It would seem that this 

 form did not as a usual thing wander so far south as the Maine 

 coast. 



Dog. — Wherever Indian tribes have been investigated, 

 some form of dog has usually been found, but as yet no one 

 has made a systematic study of their remains. As with other 

 tribes, these Maine Indians of the shell heaps had domestic 

 dogs, of which our collection offers over 60 individuals. These 

 are not more or less tamed wolves, but a very distinct type, 

 having the shortened and concaved face characteristic of other 

 domestic types. They are also much smaller than wolves, and 

 range through three distinct types and sizes. The peculiar 

 build and constant differences in size have led us to designate 

 them as three breeds, which we believe date back a long period 

 of time for their origin, and then from some of the wolves. 



The largest breed (fig. 4B) is about a tenth smaller than the 

 Esquimo dog of to-day, and may be designated as the major 

 Indian dog, which is characterized first, by its size, the dental 

 series of the lower jaw measuring 95 to 100 mm in length ; 

 second, by there being but 3/3 premolars, and last, by the 

 plumper and heavier build of the teeth themselves. 



The second-sized dog (fig. 9C), about as large as a shepherd dog 

 of to-day, may be designated as the common Indian dog, and 

 be distinguished by being of smaller size, the series of lower 

 teeth measuring 87 to 91 mm , by having 4/4 premolars, and by 

 the teeth being compressed from side to side and relatively 

 smaller. This breed occurred most frequently, and it is of this 

 sort that a nearly complete, though fragmentary, skeleton was 

 found on Calf Island. The form is slender of limb and light 



