Loomis and Yoitng — Shell Heaps of Maine. 41 



people bad not attained the grade of advancement shown by 

 the Algonquins in other sections. 



Pipes, which so generally form an interesting part of the 

 finds in Indian refuse heaps, were very scarce, only two being 

 found, both broken, but both made of the shell-tempered clay, 

 They are of the thick flaring type with a very clumsy stem 

 and apparently a small bowl, which was either a widening of 

 the distal end, or was curved slightly upward. There is 

 nothing ahout them to suggest Iroquois. 



The group of Indians which built the shell heaps would, 

 from the foregoing, seem without question to have been Algon- 

 quins, and show many characters relating them to the middle 

 west members of that great tribe ; but in the lack of bone 

 arrow heads, in the absence of the curved fish-hook, in the 

 scarcity and great simplicity of the pottery, they are much less 

 developed than the Ohio and neighboring tribes. They are 

 separated by the great Iroquois nation and had probably been 

 isolated for many generations, and preserved the more ancient 

 and primitive culture. The Abnakis living there, when the 

 state was first settled by whites, were doubtless a remnant of 

 the former shell-heap-building Indians. 



Literature list compiled largely from notes furnished by Mr. 

 A. H. Norton, Sec. Portland Society of Natural History : 



1832 Williamson, W. D., History of State of Maine, vol. i, p. 56 and 80. 



Oyster banks described. 

 1839 Williamson, W. D., ditto second impression. 

 1839 Jackson, C. T.. Third Ann. Rep. Geol. of Maine, p. 56, 58. 

 1859 Cbadbourne, H. P., Coll. Maine Hist, Soc. vol. vi, p. 345-351. First 



reference to human origin. See also editorial p. 47. 

 1861 Hitchcock, C. H., Rep. Maine Board of Agriculture, p. 289-294. 

 1868 Wyman, J., Amer. Nat., vol. i, p. 561-584. Of primary importance, 



first comprehensive description. 

 1868-1886 Wyman J., Peabody Museum of Archaeology, vols, i-iii. Brief 



references all through — see indices. 

 1868-1886 Putnam, P. W., Peabody Museum of Archaeology, vol. i-iii. 



References in reports. 



1868 Morse, E. S., Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xi, p. 288-289 and 



301-302. On antiquity of heaps. 



1869 Morse, E. S., Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 98. Excava- 



tions on Goose Island. 

 1881 Baird, L. F., Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. iv, p. 292-297. Import- 

 ant, cites 19 localities. 



1881 Townsend, C. W., Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vol. vi, p. 60. Wild turkey 



in heaps. 



1882 Putnam, F. W., Boston Evening Transcript, Nov. 13. Report of 



lecture on the shell heaps. 

 1882 Haynes, H. W., Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xxii, p. 60. On 



cannibalism. 

 1885 Rau, C, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, vol. xxv, p. 



223-225 and 335. Prehistoric Fishing. 

 1885 Packar.i, A. S., Amer. Naturalist, vol. xix, p. 896-901. On dog. 

 1888 Hardy, F. G.. Auk, vol. v, p. 380. On presence of auk. 



