•''(is J. Bowman — A Buried Wall at Cuzco. 



lower part of the walls in these cases is invariably of cherty 

 limestone; the upper is of andesite. The cherty limestone is 

 easy to work compared with the andesite and has been trimmed 

 into blocks of irregular shape and different sizes. It is laid in 

 tiers of decidedly greater irregularity than may be observed in 

 the andesite blocks above. Furthermore, the blocks of the 

 lower walls are not now in alignment everywhere, but have 

 suffered both horizontal and vertical changes of position, or 

 were originally built more irregularly than the upper parts of 

 the walls of different material. The upper parts of the walls, 

 on the other hand, are decidedly regular and in most cases 

 fairly straight, even when built upon lower walls of irregular 

 trend. The rougher blocks of the lower wall are in many 

 places displaced and built into the upper wall. It is clear in 

 other cases that rebuilding has been done sometimes to the 

 extent of repairing a breach in the lower wall by the use of 

 better hewn blocks of the upper wall. I have never been able 

 to find blocks of the upper wall enclosed in undisturbed blocks 

 of the lower wall. AVe have then a set of facts clearly trend- 

 ing in the direction of the conclusion that the limestone walls 

 are old and the andesite walls are new, relatively. 



Other deductions should also be noted which appear to 

 point to the same conclusion. The limestone is easier to work 

 than the andesite, but it cannot be wrought into blocks of such 

 perfect shape and with such smooth surfaces. It is brittle and 

 flakes unevenly. Though built into a solid and remarkably 

 tight wall (considering the absence of mortar) yet the blocks 

 are nowhere perfectly fitted as in the case of the andesite. 

 Some of the latter are so finely cut that even a needle point 

 cannot be introduced between the curved surfaces of adjacent 

 blocks. Does it not seem natural, in view of the relative ease 

 with which the limestone is worked, that the use of limestone 

 should be learned before that of andesite, however defective it 

 may be for finer uses ? 



The kings of Cuzco did not conquer a savage but a semi- 

 civilized race whose domestication of the llama, the alpaca, and 

 the dog, and whose conquest of water and the ground point to 

 a great antiquity as that term is used in history. We need 

 not assume a long interval between them and their mythical 

 predecessors. The builders in the old may have become the 

 builders in the new dynasty. Likewise under the stimulating 

 influence of the Incas every art was rapidly advanced, great 

 buildings arose, irrigating channels improved and extended, 

 and, apparently, new walls built in place of or upon the old. 



A great deal of further work must be done to enable us to 

 reach satisfactory conclusions as to all the important ramifica- 

 tions of the problem. Of particular importance is the work of 



