Geology. 79 



1915 Professors Singewald and Miller collected in the high 

 Andes near Corocoro and Potosi in Bolivia the eighty -five species 

 of fossil land plants here described. In close association with 

 this flora were found many specimens of a new brachiopod, 

 Discinisca singewaldi. These marine shells are now 13,500 feet 

 above the sea and their presence here means "that the Andes 

 in the region of Bolivia have been raised that much since Miocene 

 or even Pliocene time." After a consideration of all the evi- 

 dence, biologic and physiographic, the author concludes that 



"The flora is Pliocene in age and the major elevation of the 

 eastern Andes of Bolivia and the high plateau took place in the 

 late Pliocene and throughout the Pleistocene, and the extensive 

 mineralization of this region also took place during this same 

 period "(114). c. s. 



7. West Virginia Geological Survey; I. C. White, State 

 Geologist.- — A new edition of a geological map of the coal, oil, gas, 

 limestone and iron deposits of West Virginia has recently been 

 issued. This has been thoroughly revised and shows oil and gas 

 pools, many anticlinal lines not heretofore shown, and also. the 

 names and post-office addresses of all the principal coal mining 

 operators in West Virginia up to July 1st, 1917; the map is issued 

 under date of October 1st, 1917 ; scale, 8 miles to the inch. 

 Price, folded in strong envelope and delivered by mail, 50 cents. 



The Survey has also issued a New Railroad Map of West Vir- 

 ginia on a scale of 8 miles to the inch, showing by numbers all 

 the steam railways of the State up to July 1st, 1917, with their 

 mileage and valuation for taxation. Price, 50 cents. 



Detailed Report on Clay and Braxton Counties, by Ray V. 

 Hennen, with notes on Conemaugh fossils, by Wm. Armstrong 

 Price and E. C. Case. Pp. xix, 893; with 29 halftone plates 

 and 16 text figures and a case of topographic and geologic maps 

 of each county. This large volume contains valuable detailed 

 information on the coal, oil, gas and other minerals of the counties 

 named; also geologic maps give the anticlinals and synclinals in 

 accurate detail. Price, including case of maps, delivery charges 

 included, $2.50; extra copies of the geologic maps, 75 cents each, 

 and of topographic maps, 50 cents each. 



8. United States Bureau of Mines, Year Book for 1916: by 

 Van H. Manning. Bulletin No. 141. Pp. ix, 174, with 17 

 plates and 8 figures. — The interest of this annual report by the 

 superintendent of the Bureau of Mines is increased by the state- 

 ments recently made by Secretary Lane as to the work being 

 accomplished by the Bureau in connection with war. Some of 

 the special investigations undertaken are: (1) the fixation of 

 atmospheric nitrogen and the oxidation of ammonia to nitric 

 acid for the purpose of obtaining the nitrates necessary in agri- 

 culture and explosives; (2) domestic sources of pyrite, sulphur 

 and sulphuric acid; (3) the noxious gases used in warfare and 

 the masks needed by those who must be protected from them; 

 (4) the use of smoked screens on the ocean, and (5) the obtain- 



