E. S. Eassler—Deep Well at Waverly, Ohio. 23 



in the Waverly well is thus probably due to the presence of 

 greater deposits of Utica shale. 



(2) The same eastward increase in thickness may be stated 

 for the Trenton rocks with less doubt. At Cincinnati the 

 lower 50 feet of the Trenton are exposed with the thin Utica 

 shale resting upon its eroded surface. Proceeding southeast 

 along the Ohio River, this thickness increases to over 100 feet, 

 in a distance of 30 miles, by the addition of higher beds of the 

 formation. The occurrence of 125 feet of Trenton strata at 

 Waverly, 80 miles east, is therefore in line with the idea that 

 the Trenton and the Utica are alike in having a minimum 

 thickness along the Cincinnati axis. These same facts, among 

 others, have convinced several of the students of Cincinnati 

 geology that this axis did not pass along a northeast-southwest 

 line 25 or 30 miles east of Cincinnati, as commonly believed, 

 but close to the city itself. 



Allowing for a certain amount of error in determination, 

 the Stones River-Low ville sequence is practically the same 

 in each section. At any rate, both the Stones River and Low- 

 ville are among the most widespread Ordovician formations, 

 extending from Canada to Alabama, and from New York to the 

 central Mississippi Valley. Both the Oxford and Waverly Avells 

 are interesting, therefore, in indicating the presence of both 

 formations in the northern part of the Ohio Valley, where 

 they have no surface outcrops. 



The presence of such a typical fauna of Middle Eden species, 

 a hundred or more miles from the shores of the sea of the time, 

 is evidence for the shallowness of the early Paleozoic continen- 

 tal seas. Deep wells elsewhere have furnished abundant proof 

 of this same fact, and the one at Waverly simply furnished an 

 additional well-established example. This Eden fauna is well 

 known in New York, in the Cincinnati uplift,and in the Appa- 

 lachians, and not being pelagic, it could not have had such a 

 dispersion had deep seas intervened between these several shore 

 lines. 



The occurrence of glauconitic material in the samples from 

 the base of the Trenton is likewise noteworthy in indicating 

 the unconformity between this formation and the underlying 

 Lowville strata. Detailed studies of the early Paleozoic rocks 

 have shown glauconite to be a common ingredient of the basal 

 sediments of several overlapping formations. 



Perhaps the most interesting fact brought out by this well is 

 the presence of a few fragments of igneous rock at its very 

 bottom. The importance of this occurrence was suggested at 

 once by Doctor Ulrich, for the area about Waverly is on the 

 northward extension of the uplift which he has named the Car- 

 ter axis. The igneous nature of these fragments was verified 



