Chap. XII.] IN THE NORTH AND SOUTH. 163 



a hillock in Europe! Still more striking is the fact 

 that peculiar Australian forms are represented by cer- 

 tain plants growing on the summits of the mountains 

 of Borneo. Some of these Australian forms, as I hear 

 from Dr. Hooker, extend along the heights of the 

 peninsula of Malacca, and are thinly scattered on the 

 one hand over India, and on the other hand as far north 

 as Japan. 



On the southern mountains of Australia, Dr. F. 

 Miiller has discovered several European species; other 

 species, not introduced by man, occur on the lowlands; 

 and a long list can be given, as I am informed by Dr. 

 Hooker, of European genera, found in Australia, but 

 not in the intermediate torrid regions. In the admir- 

 able ' Introduction to the Flora of New Zealand,' by Dr 

 Hooker, analogous and striking facts are given in re- 

 gard to the plants of that large island. Hence we see 

 that certain plants growing on the more lofty moun- 

 tains of the tropics in all parts of the world, and on the 

 temperate plains of the north and south, are either the 

 same species or varieties of the same species. It should, 

 however, be observed that these plants are not strictly 

 arctic forms; for, as Mr. H. C. "Watson has remarked, 

 " in receding from polar towards equatorial latitudes, 

 the Alpine or mountain floras really become less and 

 less Arctic." Besides these identical and closely allied 

 forms, many species inhabiting the same widely sun- 

 dered areas, belong to genera not now found in the inter- 

 mediate tropical lowlands. 



These brief remarks apply to plants alone; but some 

 few analogous facts could be given in regard to terres- 

 trial- animals. In marine productions, similar cases 

 likewise occur; as an example, I may quote a statement 

 36 



