INSECTS 



CYNIPIDAE 



The Cynipidae are small insects ; in size they vary from 2 to 6 mm. Their mode of living 

 may be divided into three divisions : Gall-makers (vegetable feeders) ; inquilines ; or lodgers in galls ; 

 the remainder are parasites and hyperparasites (parasites on parasites). The inquilines adapt 

 themselves to circumstances with regard to food. When the victim (the gallfly-larva) is con- 

 sumed and more food is required they turn their attention to the vegetable matter w^ithin the 

 gall. Although they are called lodgers, it is only about 3 per cent, of the gall-makers escape if 

 the gall is attacked by them, and then it is only in the large galls {Cynips Kollari). The different 

 groups will be dealt with separately. 



PARASITIC GROUP 



These were all captured ; very few have been bred. 



*Anacharis typica, Walker §Eucoela crassinerva, West. on turnips formed by Ocyp- 



§ — tincta. Walk. § — nigricornis, Cameron tera brassicaria 



§ — ensifera, Walk. § — Marshall!, Cam. §KIeditoma Marshall!, Cam. 



tAnolytus rufipes, Foerster — rapae, West. Taken at Plym- § — longicornis, Cam. 



•Aegilips rufipes, Westwood ir/V^if, 7 Aug. i88z. West- § — filicornis. Cam. 



§ — nitidula, Dal. wood bred it from tumours * — subaptera. Walk. 



HYPERPARASITES ON THE APHIDIIDES 



Allotria minuta, Htg. Bred from 

 Praon volucre, Haliday ; 

 Aphidius sonchi, Marshall ; 

 and A. ribis, Hal. 



— flavicornis, Htg. Bred from 



Aphidius cerasi. Marsh 



— victrix, Wesm. Bred from 



Aphidius pascuorum,Marsh. ; 

 and A. rosae, Hal. 



Allotria UUrichi, Giraud. Bred from 

 Praon volucre, Hal. 



— cursor, Htg. Bred from Aphi- 



dius urticae, Hal. ; and A. 

 avenae, Hal. 



— erythrocephala, Jurine. Bred 



from Aphidius pascuorum, 

 Marsh. 



SYNERGI 



Allotria ancylocera. Cam. Bred from 

 Aphidius brassicae. Marsh. 



— Tscheki, Gir. Bred from Aphi- 



dius ervi, Hal. 



— basimaculata. Cam. Bred from 



Monoctonus caricis, Hal. 

 Diastrophus aphidivorus. Cam. 

 Bred from Siphonophora 

 urticae, Kalt. 



These inquilines, or lodgers in galls, as a general rule destroy the gall-makers, and are so much 

 like the gall-makers that breeders of gall-flies and early writers on the subject have often mistaken 

 one for the other. The variation in size in the same species is remarkable, and is dependent on the 

 quantity of food. In some large species from six to twelve may be found to have existed on one 

 victim, whereas one or two would consume the same sized larva, and would then only produce 

 normal sized flies. 



In small galls (spangle galls) two small flies often appear from a single gall, because the 

 victim is only food enough for one. 



Each larva at an early stage provides itself with a separate cell, no matter what number of 

 parasitic larvae the gall may contain. As many as fifty-one have emerged from one Kollari gall. 

 These made twenty-seven holes for their exit. Many of these fed on the vegetable matter com- 

 posing the gall. 



Synergus albipes, Htg. Bred from 

 Andricus curvator ; Dryo- 

 phanta divisa ; D. disticha ; 

 Neuroterus baccarum and N. 

 tricolor 



— apicalis, Htg. Bred from Neu- 



roterus albipes ; N. vesica- 

 trix; and Andricus trilineatus 



— facialis, Htg. Bred from Bio- 



rhiza terminalis and Neuro- 

 terus baccarum 



— incrassatus, Htg. Bred from 



Andricus radicis, A. corti- 

 cis, and A. Sieboldii 



— melanopus, Htg. Bred from 



Cynips Kollari 



Synergus nervosus, Htg. Bred from 

 Andricus Malpighii ; A. 

 glandulae ; A. quadrilinea- 

 tus ; A. autumnalis, A. 

 callidoma ; and Dryophanta 

 Tashenbergi 



— pallicornis, Htg. Bred from 



Neuroterus baccarum ; An- 

 dricus callidoma ; Dryo- 

 phanta folii ; D. longiven- 

 tris ; and D. divisa 



— radiatus, Mayr. Bred from 



Andricus glandulae and albo- 

 punctata 



— Reinhardi, Mayr. Bred from 



Cynips Kollari 



Synergus trlstis, Mayr. Bred from 

 Andricus ostreus 



— Tscheki, Mayr. Bred from 



Neuroterus lenticularis ; N. 

 numismatis ; N. fumipennis ; 

 Andricus ostreus ; Dryo- 

 phanta folii ; and D. divisa 



— vulgaris, Htg. Bred from An- 



dricus fecundatrix 

 Sapholytus connatus, Htg. Bred 



from Andricus trilineatus and 



Neuroterus punctatus 

 Ceroptres arator, Htg. Bred from 



Andricus trilineatus 



INQUILINES IN THE GALLS ON ROSES 



Periclistus Brandti, Ratz. Bred from galls of Rhodites rosae 

 Periclistus caninae, Htg. Bred from galls of Rhodites eglanteriae 



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