96 Charles Schuchert — Historical Geology, 1818-1918. 



favor of evolution by variation is now regarded as essen- 

 tially complete. " On the other hand, while man is 

 "unquestionably" closely related in structure to the 

 man-apes, yet he is not linked to them but stands apart, 

 through "the intervention of a Power above Nature. 

 . . . Believing that Nature exists through the will and 

 ever-acting power of the Divine Being, and . . . that the 

 whole Universe is not merely dependent on, but actually 

 is, the Will of one Supreme Intelligence, Nature, with 

 Man as its culminant species, is no longer a mystery." 



In America most of the paleontologists are Neo- 

 Lamarckian, a school that was developed independently 

 by E. D. Cope (1840-1897) through the vertebrate evi- 

 dence, and by Alpheus Hyatt (1838-1902) mainly on the 

 evidence of the ammonites. They hold that variations 

 and acquired characters arise through the effects of the 

 environment, the mechanics of the organism resulting 

 from the use and disuse of organs, etc. One of the lead- 

 ing exponents of this school is A. S. Packard, whose book 

 on Lamarck, His Life and Work, 1901, fully explains the 

 doctrines of the Neo-Lamarckians. 



The Growth of Invertebrate Paleontology. 



How and by whom paleontology has been developed 

 has been fully stated in the Journal in a very clear man- 

 ner by Professor Marsh in his memorable presidential 

 address of 1879, History and Methods of Palseontological 

 Discovery (18, 323, 1879), and by Karl von Zittel in his 

 most interesting book, History of Geology and Palaeon- 

 tology, 1901. In this discussion we shall largely follow 

 Marsh. 



The science of paleontology has passed through four 

 periods, the first of them the long Mystic period extend- 

 ing up to the .beginning of the seventeenth century, when 

 the idea that fossils were once living things was only 

 rarely perceived. The second period was the Diluvial 

 period of the eighteenth century, when nearly everyone 

 regarded the fossils as remains of the Noachian deluge. 

 With the beginnings of the nineteenth century there 

 arose in western Europe the knowledge that fossils are 

 the "medals of creation" and that they have a chrono- 

 genetic significance ; also that life had been periodically 

 destroyed through world-wide convulsions in nature. 

 From about 1800 to 1860 was the time of the creationists 



