180 G. 0. Smith — Government Geological Surveys. 



even now worth while to recognize the real origin of 

 much that is credited to present-day development. 



Dr. F. V. Hayden was the first of these Survey leaders 

 to engage in geological exploration. He visited the Bad- 

 lands as early as 1853, and his connection with subse- 

 quent expeditions was interrupted only by his service as 

 a surgeon in the Federal Army during the war. In 1867, 

 however, Hayden resumed his geologic work as United 

 States Geologist in Nebraska, operating under direction 

 of the Commissioner of the General Land Office. In the 

 following eleven years the activities of the Hayden Sur- 

 vey—the "Geological and Geographical Survey of the 

 Territories" — extended into Wyoming, Colorado, New 

 Mexico, Montana, and Idaho, covering with areal sur- 

 veys 107,000 square miles. This Survey, as might be 

 expected from the long experience of its leader, made 

 large contributions to stratigraphy, which involved 

 notable paleontologic work by Cope, Meek, and Les- 

 quereux. Next in importance was the structural work of 

 A. C. Peale, W. H. Holmes, Capt. C. E. Dutton, and Dr. 

 Hayden himself, and the influence of these expeditions in 

 popularizing geology should not be overlooked. The 

 expedition of 1871 into the geyser region on the upper 

 Yellowstone resulted in the creation of the first of the 

 national parks. W. H. Holmes began his artistic contri- 

 butions to geology in 1872 with this Survey. Topo- 

 graphic mapping was added to the geologic exploration, 

 James T. Gardner and A. D. "Wilson joining the Hayden 

 Survey after earlier service on the King Survey and 

 Henry Gannett being a member of parties, first as astron- 

 omer and later as topographer in charge. The accom- 

 plishment of the Hayden Survey itself and the later work 

 of many of its members show that this organization pos- 

 sessed a corps of strong men. 



The King Survey was a smaller organization, with 

 Congressional authorization of definite scope and a sys- 

 tematic plan of operation. The beginning of construc- 

 tion of the Union Pacific terminated the period of the 

 railroad surveys under the War Department and 

 afforded opportunity for geologic work that would be 

 more than exploratory: the opening up of the new 

 country made investigation of its resources logical. 

 This fact was recognized by Clarence King, who had 

 traversed the same route as a member of an emigrant 



