Ford— Growth of Mineralogy, 1818 to 1918. 215 



articles on mineralogy were very numerous. He assigned 

 a large number of new names to minerals, although with 

 the exception of some half dozen cases, these have later 

 been shown to be varieties of minerals already known and 

 described, rather than new species. In spite, however, of 

 his frequent hasty and inaccurate decision as to the char- 

 acter of a mineral, his influence on the progress of 

 mineralogy was marked. His great enthusiasm and 

 ceaseless industry throughout a long life could not help 

 but make a definite contribution to the science. His 

 "Treatise on Mineralogy' ' will be spoken of in a later 

 paragraph. He died in May, 1886, having published his 

 last paper in the Journal in the previous September. 



The first book on mineralogy published in America was 

 that by Parker Cleaveland, professor of mathematics, nat- 

 ural philosophy, chemistry and mineralogy in Bowdoin 

 College. The first edition was printed in 1816 and an 

 exhaustive notice is given in the first volume of the Jour- 

 nal (1, 35, 308, 1818) ; a second edition followed in 1822. 

 In his preface Cleaveland gives an interesting discussion 

 concerning the two opposing European methods of classi- 

 fying minerals. The German school, led by Werner, 

 classified minerals according to their external characters 

 while the French school, following Hauy, put the empha- 

 sis on the "true composition." Cleaveland remarks that 

 "the German school seems to be most distinguished by a 

 technical and minutely descriptive language; and the 

 French, by the use of accurate and scientific principles in 

 the classification or arrangement of minerals." He, 

 himself, tried to combine in a measure the two methods, 

 basing the fundamental divisions upon the chemical com- 

 position and using the accurate description of the physi- 

 cal properties to distinguish similar species and varieties 

 from each other. 



Cleaveland 's mineralogy was followed nearly twenty 

 years later by the Treatise on Mineralogy by Charles 

 U. Shepard already mentioned. The first part of this 

 book was published in 1832. This contained chiefly an 

 account of the natural history classification of minerals 

 according to the general plan adopted by Mohs, the 

 Austrian mineralogist. The second part of the book, 

 which appeared iii 1835, gave the description of indi- 

 vidual species, the arrangement here being an alpha- 



