14 Veterinary Elements. 



joints. The bone of the arm (humerus) is a long bone, 

 sloping downwards and backwards. It is very strong 

 and gives attachment to powerful muscles. The slope of 

 this bone varies in light and heavy horses, in the latter 

 being nearly horizontal, as the score card terms it, ' ' arm 

 thrown well back ' ' ; with the bones below it forms the 

 elbow joint, which is of the hinge variety, several power- 

 ful ligaments tend to hold these bones together in place. 

 The bones of the forearm (radius and ulna) differ con- 

 siderably in animals, especially with regard to the devel- 

 opment of the ulna. In horses the ulna is small and 

 fastened to the radius, while in cattle, sheep, swine and 

 Man, it is about equal in size to the radius and is free, 

 in fact, the development of the ulna seems to be directly 

 proportional to the number of fingers or toes possessed. 

 The bones of the forearm are long bones. At the upper 

 end of the ulna is the point or cap of the elbow and the 

 location of ' ' shoeboil. ' ' The bone of the forearm and the 

 upper row of bones in the knee form a hinge joint, the 

 usual ligaments, such as the capular and the supporting 

 or binding ligaments being present. The knee or carpus 

 is made up of eight bones arranged in two rows ; one bone, 

 the trapesium, is situated at the back of the knee, and if 

 well developed may give the leg the appearance of 

 "being tied in " ; this bone is usually well developed in 

 well bred horses, it gives a leverage to some of the 

 muscles that have to do with the flexing of the knee. A 

 ligament stretches from the trapesium across the back of 

 the joint and thus forms a groove through which plays a 

 tendon (flexor pedis perforans). 



