The Common Farm Operations. 195 



if a mature horse, hitch and give a short drive or slow 

 work; if cold rains occur the colt must be stabled. The 

 wounds should be examined occasionally in order to see 

 that they are kept open, thus insuring good drainage 

 away of any pus. It should be remembered that the tes- 

 ticles of colts may not descend until twelve months old, 

 sometimes as late as two years old. 



Bulls are castrated standing, the head being tied up 

 solidly to a strong post, an attendant at each side stead- 

 ies him, the operator stands squarely behind the bull, 

 seizes the scrotum, gives it a half turn round and draws 

 it out between the hind legs, the incision is made from 

 nearly the top to the bottom of the sac, the testicle drawn 

 out and removed with the emasculator or the cord is 

 scraped slowly with the knife until severed; the remain- 

 ing testicle being removed similarly. Calves are thrown 

 down, the end of the scrotum cut off, the testicles drawn 

 out until the cord breaks or is scraped as before. Lambs 

 are castrated in a similar way, being held as described 

 for small pigs, the knife or docking shears may be used 

 for taking off the piece of the scrotum, which may be 

 left any length desired. 



Rams are castrated similarly to bulls, or by turning. 

 [' 'With the ram, you have him turned upon his haunches, 

 clip the wool off the scrotum to get it out of the way. 

 Have some one hold the ram and hold the hind feet up 

 pretty close to the body, unless you wish to go to the 

 trouble of tying. Take the end of the scrotum in one 

 hand and with the other press the testicles well up into 

 the body so as to tear them loose from the end of the 

 pouch, you can usually feel them give way, now bring 



