﻿Johnston 
  — 
  Temperature 
  in 
  Deep 
  Wells 
  at 
  Findlay. 
  131 
  

  

  Art. 
  XIV. 
  — 
  Note 
  on 
  the 
  Temperature 
  in 
  the 
  Deep 
  Bor- 
  

   ing 
  at 
  Findlay, 
  Ohio 
  ; 
  * 
  by 
  John 
  Johnston. 
  

  

  At 
  the 
  instance 
  of 
  the 
  TJ. 
  S. 
  Geological 
  Survey 
  the 
  writer 
  

   went 
  to 
  Findlay, 
  Ohio, 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  make 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  measure- 
  

   ments 
  of 
  the 
  temperature 
  at 
  various 
  depths 
  in 
  the 
  bore-hole, 
  

   the 
  geology 
  of 
  which 
  is 
  discussed 
  in 
  the 
  preceding 
  paper 
  by 
  

   Mr. 
  Condit. 
  The 
  results 
  obtained 
  are 
  communicated 
  in 
  the 
  

   present 
  note. 
  

  

  The 
  temperatures 
  were 
  measured 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  maximum- 
  

   reading 
  thermometersf 
  which, 
  with 
  a 
  scale 
  extending 
  from 
  

   0° 
  — 
  100° 
  C, 
  were 
  divided 
  into 
  single 
  degrees, 
  the 
  length 
  of 
  

   each 
  of 
  which 
  was 
  about 
  l-4 
  mm 
  . 
  These 
  thermometers 
  had 
  been 
  

   previously 
  calibrated 
  at 
  the 
  Bureau 
  of 
  Standards 
  and 
  found 
  

   not 
  to 
  be 
  in 
  error 
  by 
  more 
  than 
  0*1 
  °C, 
  which 
  is 
  the 
  limit 
  of 
  

   practicable 
  accuracy 
  with 
  such 
  thermometers 
  and 
  is 
  moreover 
  

   ample 
  for 
  the 
  present 
  purpose. 
  Now 
  if 
  only 
  a 
  single 
  ther- 
  

   mometer 
  is 
  used, 
  accidental 
  jarring 
  of 
  the 
  thermometer 
  sus- 
  

   tained 
  while 
  it 
  is 
  being 
  raised 
  to 
  the 
  surface 
  may 
  lead 
  to 
  errors 
  

   the 
  existence 
  of 
  which 
  might 
  not 
  be 
  detected 
  ; 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  

   eliminate 
  this 
  possibility 
  of 
  error, 
  three 
  thermometers 
  were 
  

   always 
  used 
  together. 
  As 
  a 
  matter 
  of 
  fact 
  the 
  readings 
  of 
  all 
  

   three 
  thermometers 
  were 
  in 
  each 
  case 
  concordant, 
  showing 
  

   that 
  freedom 
  from 
  jarring 
  was 
  attained 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  the 
  ther- 
  

   mometer 
  cage 
  made 
  use 
  of. 
  

  

  This 
  cage 
  consists 
  essentially^ 
  of 
  a 
  thin-walled 
  open 
  copper 
  

   tube, 
  slightly 
  constricted 
  at 
  the 
  lower 
  end, 
  suspended 
  between 
  

   two 
  spiral 
  springs 
  which 
  were 
  fastened 
  to 
  a 
  sort 
  of 
  cage 
  made 
  

   of 
  stout 
  wire 
  ; 
  this 
  in 
  turn 
  was 
  attached 
  top 
  and 
  bottom, 
  by 
  

   means 
  of 
  open 
  links, 
  to 
  100 
  foot 
  lengths 
  of 
  one-eighth 
  inch 
  

   steel 
  wire 
  cable. 
  The 
  thermometers, 
  which 
  in 
  this 
  case 
  were 
  

   armored, 
  were 
  held 
  fast 
  in 
  the 
  copper 
  tube 
  by 
  short 
  pieces 
  

   (1 
  inch) 
  of 
  rubber 
  tubing 
  of 
  appropriate 
  size 
  slipped 
  about 
  

   one-half 
  inch 
  over 
  either 
  end 
  of 
  each 
  thermometer 
  and 
  kept 
  in 
  

   compression 
  between 
  the 
  constricted 
  lower 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  copper 
  

   tube 
  and 
  a 
  kind 
  of 
  hinged 
  lid 
  at 
  its 
  upper 
  end. 
  The 
  lower 
  

   thin 
  steel 
  cable 
  carried 
  a 
  weight 
  ; 
  the 
  upper 
  was 
  attached 
  to 
  the 
  

   bottom 
  of 
  the 
  bailer, 
  which 
  in 
  turn 
  hung 
  as 
  usual 
  on 
  the 
  sand 
  

   line 
  and 
  was 
  raised 
  and 
  lowered 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  the 
  engine. 
  The 
  

   use 
  of 
  a 
  weight 
  is 
  advisable, 
  as 
  in 
  its 
  absence 
  there 
  is 
  likely 
  to 
  

   be 
  considerable 
  jarring 
  of 
  the 
  thermometers 
  ; 
  the 
  weight 
  must 
  

  

  * 
  Compare 
  the 
  preceding 
  paper 
  by 
  Mr. 
  Condit. 
  

  

  f 
  Obtained 
  from 
  H. 
  J. 
  Green, 
  1191 
  Bedford 
  Avenue, 
  Brooklyn, 
  N. 
  Y. 
  

   JA 
  full 
  description 
  of 
  the 
  apparatus, 
  and 
  a 
  discussion 
  of 
  methods 
  of 
  

   accurately 
  determining 
  temperatures 
  in 
  bore-holes, 
  will 
  be 
  published 
  later. 
  

  

  