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  F. 
  A. 
  Ferret 
  — 
  Some 
  Kilauean 
  Formations. 
  

  

  with 
  these 
  — 
  are 
  the 
  intnmescent 
  formations 
  for 
  which 
  the 
  late 
  

   Dr. 
  Benedict 
  Friedlaender 
  proposed 
  the 
  appellation 
  " 
  Schollen- 
  

   dom 
  '• 
  (fig. 
  3). 
  In 
  many 
  instances 
  these 
  also 
  are 
  gas-expanded 
  

   or, 
  at 
  all 
  events, 
  gas-supported, 
  during 
  solidification, 
  and 
  Mr. 
  

   Immanuel 
  Friedlaender 
  has 
  informed 
  the 
  writer 
  of 
  having 
  

   observed 
  these 
  formations 
  covering 
  vegetation 
  at 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  

   Kilauean-iki. 
  Green 
  has 
  shown* 
  how 
  the 
  characteristic 
  sub- 
  

   spherical 
  shape 
  may 
  also 
  result 
  from 
  the 
  simple 
  flowing 
  out 
  of 
  

   pahoehoe 
  lava 
  in 
  spheroidal 
  masses, 
  after 
  the 
  manner 
  of 
  por- 
  

  

  Fig. 
  3. 
  

  

  Fig. 
  3. 
  A 
  typical 
  " 
  Schollendom." 
  

  

  ridge, 
  upon 
  which 
  the 
  surface 
  cools 
  over 
  until 
  the 
  inner 
  lava 
  

   forces 
  a 
  way 
  out 
  at 
  the 
  lower 
  side 
  to 
  flow 
  on 
  and 
  form 
  other 
  

   spheroidal 
  accumulations 
  along 
  the 
  line 
  of 
  the 
  flow. 
  

  

  On 
  cooling, 
  the 
  mass 
  is 
  fissured 
  by 
  contraction 
  and 
  a 
  central 
  

   block 
  is 
  frequently 
  separated 
  from 
  the 
  rest 
  and 
  founders, 
  

   revealing 
  the 
  dome 
  in 
  section 
  — 
  often 
  as 
  a 
  comparatively 
  thin 
  

   roof 
  arching 
  over 
  a 
  void, 
  but 
  frequently 
  also 
  as 
  a 
  monolithic 
  

   mass 
  as 
  deep 
  as 
  the 
  dome 
  itself 
  (fig. 
  4). 
  

  

  It 
  is, 
  therefore, 
  incorrect 
  to 
  state 
  that 
  these 
  formations 
  are 
  

   intumescent 
  by 
  reason 
  of 
  the 
  intrusion 
  of 
  fresh 
  lava 
  beneath 
  a 
  

   crust 
  already 
  formed 
  and 
  fractured 
  — 
  the 
  Schollendom 
  is 
  a 
  pri- 
  

   mary 
  formation 
  and 
  is 
  fissured 
  by 
  contraction 
  in 
  cooling. 
  

   Intrusive 
  lava 
  often 
  does 
  uplift 
  the 
  flat 
  slabs 
  of 
  the 
  crater 
  floor, 
  

   the 
  which 
  are 
  then 
  incorporated 
  with 
  the 
  resulting 
  driblet 
  mound, 
  

  

  * 
  Wm. 
  Lowthian 
  Green 
  : 
  " 
  Vestiges 
  of 
  the 
  Molten 
  Globe," 
  vol. 
  2, 
  page 
  173. 
  

  

  