﻿156 
  

  

  F. 
  A, 
  Perret 
  — 
  Some 
  Kilauean 
  Formations. 
  

  

  The 
  general 
  subject 
  of 
  lava 
  tunnels 
  must 
  be 
  left 
  to 
  a 
  future 
  

   paper 
  and 
  the 
  same 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  said 
  of 
  those 
  interesting 
  tunnel 
  

   products, 
  the 
  stalactites 
  and 
  stalagmites, 
  the 
  consideration 
  of 
  

   which 
  would 
  require 
  much 
  space 
  and 
  which 
  are 
  here 
  mentioned 
  

   as 
  constituting 
  a 
  curious 
  — 
  if 
  small 
  and 
  secondary 
  — 
  Kilauean 
  

   formation. 
  Notwithstanding 
  all 
  that 
  has 
  been 
  written 
  of 
  these 
  

   characteristic 
  little 
  forms, 
  the 
  main 
  question, 
  viz., 
  their 
  mode 
  

   of 
  formation, 
  remains 
  wholly 
  unanswered 
  ; 
  the 
  various 
  theories 
  

  

  Fig. 
  5. 
  

  

  

  * 
  : 
  t-;\' 
  

  

  

  eJPflR?***-': 
  '-^^-^i 
  

  

  ifP 
  

  

  • 
  &.« 
  

  

  "~~ 
  

  

  sra^vfl 
  

  

  f 
  WU 
  

  

  

  ?<p 
  ... 
  

  

  ''^fflSr*^ 
  

  

  

  

  

  

  1 
  *£ 
  tjSr^Vr 
  

  

  

  L 
  -'• 
  $ 
  

  

  iM^.m 
  

  

  

  »; 
  • 
  

  

  

  

  m.H|K%w^ 
  

  

  •• 
  \ 
  "■' 
  *■-: 
  

  

  m 
  l 
  «v 
  

  

  

  '"*■ 
  «, 
  

  

  /•••*« 
  

  

  ■ 
  , 
  >,, 
  

  

  #tV 
  

  

  r^^HBlfc' 
  ^ 
  "' 
  ] 
  

  

  ,-'',' 
  

  

  A- 
  Xz> 
  \ 
  

  

  

  •S- 
  jB^i^MPWMSnR'^v't 
  < 
  Jkja* 
  

  

  

  

  

  PV^ft^Y 
  ■ 
  * 
  

  

  . 
  

  

  

  %*m 
  

  

  <vx 
  

  

  

  '," 
  ,'«**' 
  

  

  ;•;.,. 
  

  

  *W* 
  • 
  ; 
  1 
  

  

  

  i 
  

  

  fc'iski 
  

  

  P*fBi 
  

  

  1 
  ft 
  -Pi 
  

  

  SffiX-V, 
  

  

  

  

  1* 
  

  

  ': 
  '■■ 
  ■ 
  

  

  • 
  

  

  Fig. 
  5. 
  A 
  tree 
  mould 
  of 
  the 
  projecting 
  type. 
  

  

  being 
  indefinite 
  and 
  inconclusive 
  or 
  else 
  incompatible 
  with 
  the 
  

   revealed 
  characteristics 
  of 
  the 
  product. 
  The 
  subject 
  requires 
  

   further 
  study 
  and 
  the 
  devoting 
  to 
  it 
  of 
  a 
  separate 
  paper. 
  

  

  Lava 
  flows 
  outside 
  the 
  great 
  crater 
  have, 
  in 
  some 
  localities, 
  

   produced 
  the 
  very 
  interesting 
  formations 
  known 
  as 
  " 
  Tree 
  

   moulds." 
  These 
  are 
  divergent 
  in 
  type 
  according 
  to 
  the 
  condi- 
  

   tions 
  of 
  the 
  flow 
  of 
  lava. 
  If 
  this 
  has 
  invested 
  a 
  forest 
  of 
  trees, 
  

   or 
  some 
  great 
  unit 
  in 
  the 
  midst 
  of 
  a 
  plain, 
  and 
  then, 
  in 
  great 
  

   part, 
  flowed 
  away, 
  a 
  casing 
  of 
  lava 
  — 
  solidified 
  by 
  contact 
  with 
  

   the 
  cold 
  tree-trunk 
  — 
  will 
  be 
  left 
  surrounding 
  this 
  to 
  a 
  height 
  

   corresponding 
  with 
  the 
  greatest 
  depth 
  attained 
  by 
  the 
  stream 
  

   at 
  that 
  point. 
  This 
  remains, 
  therefore, 
  as 
  the 
  salient, 
  or 
  pro- 
  

  

  