﻿Titicaca 
  Island 
  and 
  Adjoining 
  Areas. 
  191 
  

  

  the 
  surface 
  waters 
  during 
  July, 
  during 
  the 
  time 
  the 
  above 
  deep 
  

   water 
  temperatures 
  were 
  recorded, 
  gives 
  a 
  mean 
  of 
  52'06° 
  F. 
  

   The 
  mean 
  temperature 
  of 
  the 
  air 
  : 
  including 
  all 
  hours 
  of 
  the 
  

   day 
  during 
  the 
  same 
  period, 
  was 
  45 
  '32° 
  F. 
  It 
  thus 
  appears 
  

   that 
  the 
  temperature 
  of 
  the 
  surface 
  water 
  averages 
  higher 
  than 
  

   that 
  of 
  the 
  overlying 
  air 
  in 
  summer 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  in 
  winter. 
  

   These 
  records 
  of 
  water 
  and 
  air, 
  though 
  manifestly 
  inadequate 
  

   for 
  meteorological 
  discussion, 
  are 
  sufficient 
  to 
  show 
  that 
  freez- 
  

   ing 
  temperatures 
  are 
  rare, 
  that 
  ice 
  forms 
  only 
  in 
  narrow 
  bays 
  

   and 
  then 
  infrequently, 
  and 
  that 
  accordingly 
  the 
  effect 
  of 
  frost 
  

   in 
  disintegrating 
  rock 
  either 
  in 
  contact 
  with 
  waves 
  or 
  with 
  air 
  

   is 
  reduced 
  to 
  very 
  low 
  terms. 
  Moreover 
  the 
  diurnal 
  range 
  of 
  

   temperature 
  is 
  insufficient 
  to 
  aid 
  greatly 
  the 
  disruption 
  of 
  rock 
  

   masses, 
  conditions 
  which 
  do 
  not 
  hold 
  for 
  the 
  surrounding 
  alti- 
  

   plano. 
  

  

  The 
  water 
  of 
  the 
  lake 
  is 
  fresh 
  and 
  palatable. 
  Raimondi's 
  

   analysis 
  showed 
  but 
  a 
  trace 
  of 
  saline 
  matter 
  and 
  the 
  analysis 
  of 
  

   three 
  samples 
  by 
  Malliere 
  gave 
  1*07 
  grams 
  per 
  liter 
  of 
  mineral 
  

   content, 
  of 
  which 
  *465 
  of 
  a 
  gram 
  was 
  chloride 
  of 
  sodium. 
  The 
  

   slightly 
  disagreeable 
  taste 
  of 
  samples 
  taken 
  near 
  shore 
  is 
  due, 
  

   according 
  to 
  Barranca, 
  to 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  magnesium 
  and 
  

   bicarbonate 
  of 
  lime 
  formed 
  by 
  the 
  action 
  of 
  carbonic 
  acid 
  

   liberated 
  by 
  the 
  decomposition 
  of 
  Myriophillum 
  and 
  totora, 
  

   which 
  nourish 
  in 
  the 
  shallower 
  bays. 
  The 
  water 
  is 
  clear, 
  even 
  

   in 
  the 
  rainy 
  season 
  when 
  mud 
  from 
  streams 
  discolors 
  shore 
  

   areas, 
  and 
  its 
  transparency 
  is 
  little 
  less 
  than 
  Geneva 
  and 
  Tahoe. 
  

   The 
  outflow 
  of 
  the 
  lake 
  (the 
  Desaguadero, 
  45 
  meters 
  wide, 
  two 
  

   to 
  seven 
  meters 
  deep) 
  is, 
  according 
  to 
  Reck,* 
  4'822 
  cubic 
  

   meters 
  per 
  minute. 
  Evaporation 
  amounts 
  to 
  live 
  millimeters 
  

   per 
  day.f 
  

  

  Fluctuation 
  in 
  Level. 
  — 
  The 
  dimensions 
  of 
  the 
  present 
  

   Titicaca 
  are, 
  as 
  previously 
  stated, 
  one 
  hundred 
  miles 
  by 
  thirty- 
  

   eight 
  miles, 
  with 
  a 
  superficial 
  area 
  of 
  approximately 
  4000 
  

   square 
  miles. 
  That 
  it 
  formerly 
  had 
  a 
  somewhat 
  greater 
  ex- 
  

   panse 
  seems 
  to 
  be 
  sufficiently 
  attested 
  by 
  historical 
  and 
  geo- 
  

   logical 
  observations. 
  TovarJ 
  observes 
  that 
  cultivated 
  fields 
  

   now 
  occupy 
  small 
  portions 
  of 
  exposed 
  lake 
  bottom 
  at 
  Guarisco, 
  

   Acora, 
  and 
  Llave, 
  that 
  disputes 
  regarding 
  the 
  ownership 
  of 
  

   reclaimed 
  land 
  at 
  Capachica 
  and 
  Pusi 
  are 
  listed 
  in 
  local 
  court 
  

   records, 
  and 
  that 
  in 
  1877 
  the 
  waters 
  of 
  the 
  lake 
  reached 
  the 
  

   suburbs 
  of 
  Puno, 
  now 
  five 
  "cuadras" 
  (city 
  blocks 
  or 
  squares) 
  

   distant. 
  The 
  ancient 
  ports 
  of 
  Huancave, 
  Moho, 
  Conima, 
  

   Ancoraimes, 
  and 
  Achachaci 
  are 
  now 
  two 
  to 
  three 
  kilometers 
  

  

  y 
  

  

  * 
  Geog. 
  Soc. 
  de 
  Lima, 
  Toino 
  X. 
  

  

  fPrado, 
  Bol. 
  Soc. 
  Geog. 
  de 
  Lima, 
  Tomo 
  I, 
  1892. 
  

  

  % 
  Bol. 
  Soc. 
  Geog. 
  de 
  Lima, 
  Tomo 
  I, 
  1892. 
  

  

  