﻿464 
  J. 
  Barrell 
  — 
  Upper 
  Devonian 
  Delta 
  of 
  the 
  

  

  tion 
  of 
  deposits, 
  and 
  that 
  a 
  sea 
  margin 
  would 
  be 
  required 
  

   for 
  such 
  a 
  great 
  spread 
  of 
  shingle 
  as 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Siwalik 
  con- 
  

   glomerates. 
  The 
  same 
  opinion, 
  on 
  the 
  same 
  grounds, 
  has 
  been 
  

   extended 
  to 
  the 
  plains 
  deposits 
  themselves. 
  

  

  "The 
  continued 
  experience 
  that 
  the 
  fossil 
  remains 
  in 
  these 
  Ter- 
  

   tiary 
  strata 
  are 
  exclusively 
  of 
  land 
  or 
  fresh-water 
  organisms, 
  

   made 
  this 
  view 
  untenable 
  ; 
  and 
  in 
  time 
  it 
  came 
  to 
  be 
  realized 
  that 
  

   the 
  deposits 
  themselves 
  bear 
  out 
  the 
  same 
  opinion 
  ; 
  the 
  mountain 
  

   torrents 
  are 
  now 
  in 
  many 
  cases 
  engaged 
  in 
  laying 
  down 
  great 
  

   banks 
  of 
  shingle 
  at 
  the 
  margin 
  of 
  the 
  plains, 
  just 
  like 
  the 
  Siwalik 
  

   conglomerates; 
  and 
  the 
  thick 
  sandstones 
  and 
  sandy 
  clays 
  of 
  the 
  

   Tertiary 
  series 
  are 
  of 
  just 
  the 
  same 
  type 
  of 
  form 
  and 
  composition 
  

   as 
  the 
  actual 
  deposits 
  of 
  the 
  great 
  rivers. 
  

  

  " 
  Beds 
  of 
  this 
  character 
  alternate 
  with 
  the 
  upper 
  beds 
  of 
  the 
  

   Subathu 
  group 
  ; 
  so 
  it 
  seems 
  probable 
  that 
  from 
  early 
  Tertiary 
  

   times 
  the 
  sea 
  has 
  been 
  excluded 
  from 
  the 
  Sub-Himalayan 
  region, 
  

   and 
  that 
  the 
  whole 
  of 
  the 
  Sub-Himalayan 
  deposits, 
  above 
  the 
  

   Subathu 
  group, 
  are 
  fresh-water 
  and 
  fluviatile, 
  and 
  formed 
  on 
  the 
  

   surface 
  of 
  the 
  land. 
  They 
  are 
  in 
  fact, 
  subaerial 
  formations, 
  like 
  

   the 
  river 
  alluvium 
  and 
  bhabar 
  deposits 
  of 
  the 
  present 
  day.* 
  

  

  Speaking 
  of 
  these 
  formations 
  as 
  they 
  occur 
  in 
  the 
  Salt 
  .Range 
  

   in 
  the 
  Punjab, 
  Wynne 
  makes 
  the 
  following 
  statements 
  : 
  

  

  " 
  Everywhere 
  from 
  one 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  range 
  to 
  the 
  other, 
  and 
  

   always 
  on 
  its 
  northern 
  and 
  eastern 
  aspects, 
  the 
  uppermost 
  rocks 
  

   of 
  the 
  Salt 
  Range 
  series 
  are 
  innumerable 
  alternations 
  of 
  grey 
  or 
  

   greenish 
  sandstones, 
  of 
  no 
  great 
  hardness, 
  with 
  red 
  or 
  light- 
  

   brownish 
  orange 
  clays, 
  more 
  rarely 
  with 
  conglomerates, 
  but 
  

   frequently 
  with 
  harder 
  fine-grained 
  sandy 
  beds 
  of 
  peculiar 
  con- 
  

   cretionary 
  pseudo-conglomeratic 
  structure 
  . 
  . 
  . 
  The 
  alternating 
  

   bands 
  of 
  sandstone 
  and 
  clay 
  are 
  from 
  seventy 
  to 
  a 
  hundred 
  and 
  

   twenty 
  feet 
  in 
  thickness, 
  being 
  very 
  frequently 
  about 
  a 
  hundred 
  

   feet 
  each, 
  but 
  some 
  zones 
  are 
  much 
  thicker. 
  "f 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  the 
  middle 
  Siwalik 
  which 
  especially 
  shows 
  the 
  associa- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  gray 
  or 
  green 
  sandstones 
  and 
  red 
  clays. 
  All 
  parts 
  are 
  

   associated 
  with 
  the 
  bones 
  of 
  mammals 
  and 
  fresh-water 
  reptiles. 
  

   It 
  is 
  seen 
  from 
  this 
  description 
  that 
  such 
  combinations 
  of 
  red 
  

   clays 
  and 
  gray 
  or 
  green 
  sandstones 
  are 
  features 
  of 
  fluviatile 
  

   deposition 
  under 
  certain 
  intermediate 
  climatic 
  conditions. 
  

  

  Conditions 
  of 
  Origin 
  of 
  the 
  Several 
  Appalachian 
  Formations. 
  

  

  The 
  marks 
  of 
  subaerial 
  exposure 
  in 
  the 
  Oneonta-Catskill 
  

   beds 
  have 
  been 
  shown 
  to 
  be 
  an 
  integral 
  feature 
  of 
  the 
  forma- 
  

   tion, 
  were 
  made 
  without 
  relation 
  to 
  a 
  shore, 
  and 
  contrast 
  sharply 
  

   with 
  the 
  stratigraphic 
  characters 
  of 
  the 
  Chemung. 
  These 
  fea- 
  

   tures 
  constitute 
  the 
  strongest 
  test 
  stated 
  under 
  the 
  subject 
  of 
  

   criteria. 
  The 
  general 
  descriptions 
  serve 
  further 
  to 
  emphasize 
  

  

  * 
  A 
  Manual 
  of 
  the 
  Geology 
  of 
  India, 
  ii, 
  pp. 
  524-526, 
  1879. 
  

   f 
  Memoirs 
  of 
  the 
  Geological 
  Survey 
  of 
  India, 
  xiv, 
  p. 
  108, 
  1878. 
  

  

  