﻿48tt 
  F. 
  A. 
  Perret 
  — 
  Volcanic 
  Research 
  at 
  Kilauea. 
  

  

  Note 
  on 
  the 
  Lava 
  taken 
  from 
  the 
  Halemaumau 
  Pit 
  by 
  Mr. 
  

   Frank 
  A. 
  Perret 
  in 
  July, 
  1911, 
  tcith 
  gas 
  analyses 
  and 
  remarks 
  

   by 
  Albert 
  Bru^. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  accompanying 
  article, 
  Mr. 
  F. 
  A. 
  Perret 
  shows 
  that 
  he 
  

   has 
  been 
  able 
  to 
  get, 
  out 
  of 
  " 
  Old 
  Faithful," 
  lava 
  still 
  in 
  a 
  state 
  

   of 
  fusion. 
  This 
  interesting 
  experiment, 
  carried 
  out 
  with 
  much 
  

   skill, 
  made 
  it 
  possible 
  to 
  study 
  in 
  the 
  laboratory 
  a 
  lava 
  which 
  was 
  

   taken 
  when 
  in 
  the 
  midst 
  of 
  the 
  process 
  of 
  evolution. 
  The 
  points 
  

   which 
  I 
  examine 
  in 
  this 
  note 
  only 
  include 
  a 
  few 
  facts 
  relating 
  to 
  

   the 
  gases, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  those 
  relating 
  to 
  the 
  action 
  of 
  steam 
  on 
  the 
  

   magma. 
  In 
  addition 
  I 
  also 
  examine 
  a 
  special 
  feature 
  in 
  the 
  evo- 
  

   lution 
  of 
  crystallization 
  of 
  the 
  melted 
  magma 
  of 
  Kilauea. 
  

  

  Gases. 
  — 
  It 
  is 
  well 
  known 
  that, 
  during 
  the 
  last 
  century, 
  the 
  

   French 
  astronomer, 
  Jansen, 
  discovered 
  with 
  the 
  spectroscope, 
  that 
  

   the 
  flames 
  which 
  escaped 
  from 
  the 
  lava 
  lake 
  of 
  Kilauea 
  gave 
  the 
  

   spectrum 
  rays 
  of 
  sodium, 
  C, 
  and 
  H 
  2 
  . 
  The 
  gas 
  analyses 
  pub- 
  

   lished 
  during 
  recent 
  years 
  by 
  myself 
  in 
  my 
  book 
  " 
  Recherches 
  

   sur 
  l'Exhalaison 
  volcanique 
  " 
  (1911, 
  page 
  115) 
  confirm 
  this 
  com- 
  

   position. 
  The 
  lava 
  in 
  fusion 
  obtained 
  by 
  Mr. 
  Perret 
  in 
  1911 
  also 
  

   gives 
  out 
  gases, 
  the 
  nature 
  of 
  which 
  confirms 
  the 
  above 
  men- 
  

   tioned 
  analyses. 
  

  

  To 
  extract 
  the 
  gases, 
  I 
  heated 
  the 
  glassy 
  lava 
  in 
  a 
  vacuum 
  

   nearly 
  to 
  the 
  melting 
  point, 
  or 
  to 
  complete 
  fusion. 
  This 
  opera- 
  

   tion 
  took 
  place 
  in 
  an 
  apparatus 
  already 
  described. 
  It 
  distils 
  

   quite 
  a 
  quantity 
  of 
  hydrocarbides 
  which 
  are 
  condensed 
  in 
  the 
  

   form 
  of 
  black 
  bituminous 
  rings 
  which 
  colored 
  P 
  2 
  5 
  yellowish 
  

   brown. 
  It 
  also 
  deposited 
  a 
  white 
  ring 
  of 
  (Na,K)Cl 
  and 
  NH 
  4 
  C1 
  

   which 
  can 
  be 
  easily 
  analysed. 
  It 
  is 
  known 
  that 
  the 
  composition 
  

   of 
  a 
  complicated 
  mixture 
  of 
  gases 
  is 
  influenced 
  by 
  the 
  duration 
  

   of 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  heating, 
  the 
  temperature, 
  the 
  pressure 
  and 
  the 
  par- 
  

   tial 
  pressure 
  of 
  each 
  individual 
  gas, 
  so 
  that 
  the 
  final 
  result 
  is 
  

   somewhat 
  variable, 
  even 
  with 
  the 
  same 
  materials. 
  But 
  the 
  

   importance 
  of 
  this 
  slight 
  variation 
  need 
  not 
  be 
  exaggerated. 
  

  

  The 
  lava 
  collected 
  by 
  Mr. 
  F. 
  A. 
  Perret 
  gives 
  off 
  the 
  following 
  

  

  A 
  — 
  Lava 
  heated 
  to 
  complete 
  fusion 
  for 
  a 
  long 
  time 
  ; 
  from 
  1 
  

   kilogram 
  of 
  lava. 
  

  

  Solid 
  matters 
  : 
  

  

  Chlorides 
  (Na,K)01 
  volatilized, 
  milligrams 
  _ 
  15 
  

  

  Salmiac 
  (NH 
  4 
  C1) 
  id. 
  id. 
  15 
  

  

  Bitumen 
  . 
  _ 
  very 
  abundant 
  

  

  Gases 
  : 
  Quantity 
  in 
  cubic 
  cent 
  310 
  cc 
  

  

  Contained 
  CI, 
  _. 
  traces 
  

  

  HC1 
  4-6 
  

  

  SO,... 
  _ 
  14-4 
  

  

  C0 
  2 
  67-0 
  

  

  CO 
  _ 
  8- 
  

  

  H 
  a 
  -- 
  5- 
  

  

  N„ 
  1- 
  

  

  1000 
  

  

  