W. H. Twenhofel — Physiography of Newfoundland. 5 



to be greater than 1000 feet. In every case the eastern mass 

 has been elevated and at Table Point this block has been 

 shoved to the north (relatively), as shown by the bending of 

 the beds on the downthrown mass. The trend is parallel to 

 the Long Range. 



At Bonne Bay and the Bay of Islands of the west coast, the 

 beds are in great confusion through fracturing, faulting, and 

 folding. Many of the folds are closed and overturned and to 

 add to the complexities of structure, great masses of basic 

 rocks are intruded into the midst of the sediments. At the 

 former locality, however, the original texture is not greatly 

 modified, for many of the fossils are still present. At the 

 Bay of Islands the forces were of greater magnitude, changing 

 the shales to slates and the limestones to marbles — a change 

 attended by the complete obliteration of all organic remains. 



From Port au Port Bay to the southwest corner the strata 

 in places are quite highly disturbed. The dip shows many 

 variations, faulting is not uncommon, and there has been much 

 intrusion of basic igneous rock.* 



In respect to the other parts of Newfoundland, Murrayf 

 states that the Avalon peninsula and " probably the whole 

 island . . . seems to be ranged in an alternation of great anti- 

 clinal and synclinal lines, independent of innumerable minor 

 folds, which present throughout a remarkable degree of paral- 

 lelism, pointing generally about N.N.E. and S.S.W. from the 

 true meridian, corresponding with the marked indentations of 

 the coast as well as the topographical features of the interior." 

 A great fault " intersects the island diagonally from shore to 

 shore, running in an almost straight line from near the entrance 

 of the Little Codroy River to White Bay.";}; This fault gives 

 off a branch northeast of Bay St. George which courses 

 through Grand Lake to Hall Bay, the southwest arm of Notre 

 Dame Bay.§ 



It is readily seen from this brief description that Newfound- 

 land structure is extremely varied and should be an important 

 factor of surface control. 



Major Features of the Topography. 



General surface. — There is no more striking feature in the 

 topography of Newfoundland than the marked parallelism of 

 the peninsulas, reentrants, lakes, rivers, ridges, and outcrops, 

 which in nearly every case approximate a direction about N. 

 28° E. Some of the most prominent of the examples are St. 



. * Murray and Howley, Geol. Surv. Newfoundland, 1873, 1874; Map of 

 Newfoundland, 1904. 



f Murray and Howley, Geol. Surv. Newfoundland, p. 139, 1868. 



\ Murray and Howley, Ibid., p. 90, 1866. 



§ Murray and Howley, Ibid., pp. 330-332, 1873. 



