12 W. II Tvjenhofel — Physiography of Newfoundland. 



five miles from the bottom of a western reentrant from White 

 Bay, while the other has its source about twelve miles from the 

 head of Deer arm of Bonne Bay. Briefly stated, the Humber 

 in two of its tributaries rises less than a dozen miles from the 

 eastern sea at elevations less than 700 feet, with two other 

 tributaries rising but twelve miles from the sea into which it 



Fig. 5. 



Fig. 5. The Humber drainage. The Long Eange lies between the upper 

 river and the coast. 1. Bay of Islands ; 2. Bonne Bay ; 3. White Bay ; 4. St. 

 George Bay. Reduced with some omissions from Howley's map of New- 

 foundland. 



empties, flows entirely across the southern end of the northern 

 peninsula, and then in a steep Y-shaped gorge dashes through 

 a mountain range which gradually rises toward the sea and 

 reaches a height of over 2000 feet where the waters of the 

 Humber join with those of the Gulf. In this course the river 

 flows across nearly every character of rock possessed by the 

 island and across such structural features as faults, folds, and 

 igneous contacts. That it is an antecedent river can hardly be 

 questioned. 



Peninsulas and bays. — The coast of Newfoundland is 

 diversified by extremely deep bays and bold headlands which 

 on the south and north coasts are elongated in the direction of 

 the structural features already outlined ; but on the west and 



