18 W. H. Twenhofel — Physiography of Newfoundland. 



nesses, notably in the cliffs about ten miles south of Hawke 

 Harbor. In the interior, along the line of the railroad, glacial 

 debris appears to be more abundant, the mountain slopes being 

 cloaked with material, morainic in character.* 



Striae were seen at numerous localities, generally with a direc- 

 tion closely approximating the trend of the valleys of the place 

 in question. Their presence was noted on top of Table Moun- 

 tain, at Bonne Bay, in the elevated valleys, and numerous 

 places on the foreland. 



The upper system of valleys in the Long Range are decid- 

 edly U-shaped while the flared-out heads of some of them 

 strongly resemble the descriptions given of cirques, which resem- 

 blance is intensified by the lakes and ponds found in these val- 

 leys and held in rock basins. Nearly every one of the valleys 

 shows by the polished rock surfaces that at one time it was 

 filled with the ice, and their precipitous margins are no doubt, 

 in part, due to its work. The surface at many points has a 

 rounded aspect, seen to good advantage near the mouth of the 

 Bay of Islands in the foothills of Mount Blomidon, and to the 

 work of ice may perhaps be ascribed, in part, the gouging out 

 of the deep bays existing around the entire coast although those 

 of the west side are decidedly canyon-like. 



That glaciers covered the western side of the island to the 

 highest summits is certain and the same was probably true in 

 respect to the other parts of Newfoundland. The direction of 

 the striae on the western foreland leads to the conclusion that 

 the ice movement was controlled by the topography, which is 

 in harmony with the belief that " Newfoundland seems to have 

 been a separate area of glaciation. "f 



Origin of the Surface Features. 



Parallel features. — The presence of great structural lines 

 with a northeastwardly trend finds expression on the surface 

 in control of erosion resulting in parallel ridges and valleys 

 having the same direction as the fold and faults, the softer 

 beds and zones of weakness having been eroded out. 



Upland surf ace. — The accordance of the summit levels of 

 the highlands, the systematic decrease of the elevations east- 

 ward, the presence of well preserved flat-topped mountains at 

 many localities with the projected plane of their summits trun- 

 cating all kinds of structure and rock, the course of the Plum- 

 ber River with its source less than a score of miles from the 

 eastern shore at an elevation of less than 700 feet and its mouth 

 on the opposite side of a mountain range 2000 feet high : these 



* Schuchert, Note book, August and September, 1910. 



f Chamberlin and Salisbury, Earth History, vol. iii, p. 336, 1907. 



