22 W. H. Twenhofel — Physiography of Newfoundland. 



Charaplain submergence brought a loss of about 1000 feet 

 in the relative elevation of the west coast (the depth of the 

 drowning of the valleys plus the elevation of the highest 

 terrace) and an equivalent amount is assumed for the east. 

 Since that time the island has experienced relative uplift, 

 intermittent in its nature, to an amount equal on the west 

 coast to at least 400 feet. On the east coast the elevation has 

 been differential in character, Daly* stating that the altitude 

 of the highest beach (507 feet on Signal Hill, St. John) 

 decreases northward. 



Relation of Settlements to Coastal Physiography. 



An extremely close relation exists between the location of 

 the settlements of the west coast and the coastal physiography. 

 The larger settlements owe their existence to the presence of a 

 land-locked harbor, and unless two such harbors are very close 

 together a rather large settlement may be looked for in every 

 one entered. Fish, alluvial deposits, and coves have been the 

 conditioning factors in the location of the smaller settlements 

 north of St. George, a protected cove in which small boats can 

 find refuge and alluvial deposits on which a garden can be 

 made. Most of the streams of the western coast have ancient 

 deltas bordering one side or other of their entrances to the sea, 

 and these places have invariably proved attractive to the settlers 

 as places in which to locate their houses ; so that the relation 

 of hut to cove is exceedingly intimate, and one on rounding a 

 headland expects to find a "livier's" homef and rarely is he 

 disappointed, the size of the settlement being correlated with 

 the extent of the cultivatable ground, the protection afforded 

 by the cove, and the excellence of the fishing. 



Note on Labrador. 



About two weeks were spent on the coast of Labrador, and 

 here on the western end of the Strait of Belle Isle were 

 observed elevated beaches in a magnificent state of preserva- 

 tion, at least eight being seen at one locality, the highest of 

 which was 350 feet above high tide. No careful measurements 

 of slope were made, but the general impression is that they 

 slope to the east, an impression supported by observation made 

 with a hand clinometer. Some of the elevated beaches are 

 covered with myriads of rounded bowlders exactly similar to 

 those of the present shore, only the water being needed to com- 

 plete the picture of a modern beach from which, however, 

 shells would be lacking, as none was seen in these old beaches. 



*Daly, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxviii, p. 259.. 1902. 



f The name "livier" is used on the west coast for an inhabitant of a village. 



