74 Arnold Ray 



ue. 



a volunteer, for the 40th Parallel Survey. Work began on 

 the Pacific Coast in 1867, and the party went thither by way 

 of Panama. The only other available route was by Wells, 

 Fargo and Company's overland stage, a tedious not to say 

 dangerous, journey. 



Hague and Emmons had separate parties in the field, and 

 King with his own camping ontfit and greater freedom of 

 motion conducted special investigations over the wdiole region, 

 all parties meeting frequently for conference. The topographic 

 and geologic surveys of a belt 100 miles in width along the 

 proposed route of the Central and Union Pacific Railroad pro- 

 ceeded together from the Humboldt country of western Nevada 

 to the G-reat Plains east of the Pockies. Field work was 

 finally completed late in the autumn of 1872, but it should be 

 borne in mind that finished topographic maps on wdiich the 

 areal geology was to be shown, as Hague remarks, were seldom 

 in the hands of the geologists till a year after completing the 

 field work. 



After the completion of the field work the final preparation 

 of the report with its accompanying atlas was accomplished in 

 New York, wdiere Mr. King and his two colleagues worked 

 together and lived in ties of closest friendship. 



Hague's first scientific publications, " Chemistry of the 

 Washoe Process " and the " Geology of the White Pine Dis- 

 trict," occurred in 1870 when he was 30 years of age. They 

 grew out of his 40tli Parallel w^ork and appeared in Volume 

 III of that organization. The great work, Descriptive Geology, 

 of which Hague and Emmons were joint authors, appeared as 

 Yolume II, in 1877. King published Systematic Geology. 

 Yol. I, in 1878. 



For a comparative study, the 40th Parallel geologists in 

 1870 visited the Cascade Pange. King climbed Mt. Shasta, 

 Hague climbed Mt. Hood and Emmons Mt. Painier. They 

 observed abont these lofty volcanoes the first active glaciers 

 noted in the United States, and, using the lavas collected, 

 Hague and Iddings made a comparative study of the volcanic 

 rocks of the Cascade Pange and the Great Basin. 



In 1877 Hague received the appointment as government geol- 

 ogist of Guatemala and traveled extensively over the republic 

 visiting mines and active volcanic centers. The following year 

 he was engaged by the Chinese government to examine gold, 

 silver, and lead mines in Northern Chinp. 



Congress created the bureau of the U. S. Geological Survey 

 in 1879, thus w^ithdrawing Congressional authorization from 

 existing surveys and exploration parties and accomplishing a 

 complete reorganization. Clarence King was appointed the 

 first director, and took the oath of office May 24. Arnold 



