Jaggar—VolcanologiG Investigations at Kilauea. 209 



place selected (fig. 20). The heat radiating from the lake sur- 

 face at the rampart was very great and coiild be endured for a 

 few minutes, but not for an unlimited time. On the surface 

 of the lake, drifting with tlie current slowly along the bank, 

 were heavy crusts like elephants' hide (fig. l^a), which 

 wrinkled and crackled and were hard stiff bodies several inches 

 thick. No pipe would penetrate tliem and it was always neces- 



FiG. 19. 



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HP 



iliiU 



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Fia. 19. Seger cones and partially fused one-inch steel pipe used in tem- 

 perature experiments. Pipe as described for Jan. 2ti, 1917, fused through at 

 bend, which was at flaming entrance to gas cupola. Fusion progressively 

 less to end of pipe, which was farthest within the cupola. Cap over end 

 destroyed. The upper row of Seger cones was fused in this pipe. The six 

 rows of Seger cones numbered from above downward are those resulting 

 from tests; the short cones of the lower four rows are mechanically broken 

 but not fused; the fusibilities in degrees centigrade from left to right in each 

 row are as follows: 



1st row (uppermost), Jan. 26, 1917, 620, 710.800, 870, 970, 1090, 1130. 



2d row, Jan. 22, 1917, 590, 680, 770, 870, 970, 1070. 



3d row, Jan, 18, 1917, 2d test, 590, 680, 770, 870, 970, 1070. 



4th row, Jan. 18, 19 17, 1st test, 590, 680, 770, 870, 970, 1070. 



5th row, Jan. 15, 1917, 770, 800, 870, 950, 970, 990. 



6th row, Jan. 11, 1917, 990, 1030, 1070, 1110, 1130, 1150. 



Am. Jour. Sci.— Fourth Series, Vol. XLIY, No. 261.— September, 1917. 

 15 



