Jaggar — Yolcanologic Investigations at Kilaiiea. 217 



tackle and nine men volunteered to assist the writer in carrying 

 the pipe end on, so as to immerse it in the lake at a high angle, 

 try for the bottom, and withdraw the apparatus with the aid of 

 the rope. 



In the first test the pipe was thrust out over the bank at the 

 east point in a southwest direction toward the center of the 

 lake, the bank here being 15 feet (4 meters) high (tig. 10). The 

 terminal was thrust downward striking the lake surface some 20 

 feet (6 meters) horizontally out from the shore, at a glowing 

 liquid zone free from crust, and for from 30 to 40 feet (9 to 12 

 meters) of depth the pipe descended freely at an angle of about 

 45°, but sagging to the vertical as the length increased. Be- 

 yond this depth an increasing resistance was gradually encoun- 

 tered, and finally caused the pipe to arch upward and fail to 

 penetrate farther. Sixty feet (18 meters) of piping was sub- 

 merged, corresponding to a vertical depth of approximately 50 

 feet (15 meters). At this place, then, the lake was 50 feet 

 deep some 30 feet (9 meters) from the shoreline, (the pipe be- 

 neath the surface extending beyond the point of immersion). 

 Subsidence during the following month indicated that this 

 shoreline beneath the liquid w^as precipitous. Therefore there 

 was no error due to shelving shore. 



On withdrawing the pipe some 30 feet (9 meters) of the sub- 

 merged portion was recovered quite uninjured by any sign of 

 oxidation or fusion, but the remaining three 20-foot lengths 

 became imprisoned against the bank, owing to the pressing in 

 and piling up of crusts around the pipe, so that it was quite 

 impossible to recover the terminal length which contained 

 Seger cones. 



In order to prove that the shallowness of the lake and vis- 

 cosity of the bottom layers, seemingly indicated by this first 

 test, is general and not local, a second trial was made on the 

 same day at a point 40 yards (37 meters) farther north, and 

 about where the temperature tests had been made. This place 

 was only a few feet from the northeast grotto domes, towards 

 wdiicli there was a strong current. The pipe was thrust over 

 the bank more rapidly than in the first test, and catching the 

 current tended to arch downward steeply and to bow somewhat 

 toward the north. The results were quite the same as in the 

 first test. In both cases the writer stood at the lake margin 

 manipulating the pipe as it descended and the increasing 

 resistance was very marked during the last 10 feet (3 meters) 

 of its descent. In this second test 61 feet (18 meters) of piping 

 was submerged before the impenetrable pudding was reached. 



The pipe was withdrawn completely this time but only 

 through the most strenuous hauling by nine men in line. 

 Twice it stuck owing to accumulations of lava which caught 

 ao:ainst the bank. It must be remembered that in such with- 



