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  Scientific 
  Intelligence. 
  

  

  tion 
  of 
  Yale 
  College, 
  so 
  he 
  became 
  interested 
  in 
  it, 
  went 
  to 
  Oil 
  

   Creek 
  in 
  Pennsylvania 
  and 
  brought 
  back 
  a 
  sample 
  of 
  the 
  oil. 
  

   This 
  was 
  examined 
  by 
  Professor 
  Benjamin 
  Silliman, 
  the 
  younger, 
  

   who 
  pronounced 
  it 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  superior 
  quality 
  of 
  crude 
  oil, 
  substan- 
  

   tially 
  identical 
  with 
  crude 
  coal 
  oil, 
  or 
  the 
  kerosene 
  of 
  that 
  time. 
  

   The 
  New 
  Haven 
  man, 
  whose 
  name 
  is 
  not 
  given, 
  organized 
  the 
  first 
  

   Petroleum 
  Company, 
  and 
  the 
  collection 
  of 
  this 
  oil 
  for 
  the 
  pur- 
  

   pose 
  of 
  illumination 
  was 
  started. 
  Col. 
  Drake, 
  the 
  superintendent 
  

   of 
  this 
  company, 
  was 
  the 
  man 
  who 
  first 
  drilled 
  a 
  well 
  for 
  petro- 
  

   leum 
  and 
  he 
  thus 
  found 
  oil 
  in 
  1859. 
  

  

  Dr. 
  Chandler 
  gives 
  an 
  account 
  of 
  his 
  important 
  work 
  in 
  exam- 
  

   ining 
  samples 
  of 
  dangerous 
  kerosene 
  which 
  had 
  been 
  adulterated 
  

   with 
  the 
  much 
  cheaper 
  naphtha. 
  This 
  work, 
  and 
  his 
  publication 
  

   of 
  the 
  results, 
  brought 
  about 
  a 
  proper 
  inspection 
  of 
  the 
  product, 
  

   so 
  that 
  accidents 
  from 
  it 
  became 
  rare. 
  He 
  mentions 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  

   as 
  a 
  boy 
  he 
  saw 
  the 
  first 
  gas 
  works 
  built 
  at 
  New 
  Bedford, 
  but 
  he 
  

   states 
  that 
  illuminating 
  gas 
  had 
  been 
  in 
  use 
  in 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  larger 
  

   cities 
  for 
  25 
  years 
  or 
  more. 
  h. 
  l. 
  w. 
  

  

  2. 
  TJie 
  Removal 
  of 
  Barium 
  from 
  Brines 
  Used 
  in 
  the 
  Manu- 
  

   facture 
  of 
  Salt. 
  — 
  W. 
  W. 
  Skinner 
  and 
  W. 
  F. 
  Baughman 
  have 
  

   succeeded 
  in 
  removing 
  all 
  but 
  traces 
  of 
  the 
  barium 
  in 
  the 
  brine 
  

   used 
  at 
  a 
  large 
  salt 
  works 
  by 
  the 
  simple 
  expedient 
  of 
  adding 
  a 
  

   proper 
  amount 
  of 
  sodium 
  sulphate 
  (30 
  per 
  cent 
  in 
  excess 
  of 
  the 
  

   theoretical 
  amount) 
  in 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  " 
  salt 
  cake" 
  to 
  the 
  brine 
  

   before 
  evaporation. 
  It 
  was 
  necessary 
  to 
  add 
  a 
  little 
  lime 
  also 
  to 
  

   neutralize 
  the 
  free 
  acid 
  in 
  the 
  salt 
  cake. 
  

  

  The 
  occurrence 
  of 
  barium 
  in 
  the 
  brines 
  of 
  the 
  Ohio 
  Valley 
  

   District 
  of 
  West 
  Virginia 
  and 
  Ohio 
  has 
  long 
  been 
  known. 
  These 
  

   brines 
  are 
  peculiar 
  in 
  being 
  free 
  from 
  carbonates 
  and 
  sulphates. 
  

   An 
  analysis 
  of 
  one 
  of 
  them 
  in 
  parts 
  per 
  thousand 
  is 
  as 
  follows: 
  

   KC1 
  = 
  0-61, 
  NaCl 
  = 
  63-95, 
  CaCl 
  2 
  = 
  15-95, 
  SrCl 
  2 
  = 
  0-21, 
  BaCl 
  2 
  = 
  

   0-79, 
  MgCl 
  2 
  = 
  5-28, 
  Fe(HC0 
  3 
  ) 
  2 
  (?) 
  = 
  0-08. 
  The 
  lower 
  grades 
  of 
  

   salt 
  produced 
  from 
  these 
  brines 
  have 
  been 
  found. 
  to 
  contain 
  as 
  

   much 
  as 
  5 
  per 
  cent 
  and 
  sometimes 
  10, 
  16 
  and 
  18 
  per 
  cent 
  of 
  

   barium 
  chloride, 
  and 
  the 
  poisoning 
  of 
  animals 
  appears 
  to 
  have 
  

   happened 
  frequently 
  by 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  such 
  products. 
  After 
  the 
  

   application 
  of 
  the 
  new 
  process 
  the 
  barium 
  in 
  all 
  the 
  grades 
  of 
  salt 
  

   is 
  so 
  low 
  that 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  danger 
  in 
  its 
  use. 
  — 
  J. 
  Indust. 
  and 
  Eng. 
  

   Chem., 
  ixj 
  18. 
  h. 
  l. 
  w. 
  

  

  3. 
  Ammonium 
  Chloride 
  as 
  a 
  Pood 
  for 
  Yeast. 
  — 
  It 
  is 
  stated 
  by 
  

   Charles 
  H. 
  Hoffman 
  that 
  when 
  this 
  salt 
  is 
  added 
  at 
  the 
  rate 
  of 
  

   \ 
  lb. 
  to 
  1000 
  lbs. 
  of 
  flour 
  in 
  mixing 
  dough 
  for 
  bread 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  

   saving 
  of 
  30 
  per 
  cent 
  in 
  the 
  quantity 
  of 
  yeast 
  required 
  for 
  baking. 
  

   When 
  a 
  little 
  calcium 
  sulphate 
  and 
  potassium 
  bromate 
  are 
  used 
  

   in 
  addition 
  to 
  the 
  ammonium 
  chloride 
  a 
  saving 
  of 
  50 
  per 
  cent 
  in 
  

   yeast 
  results. 
  

  

  Upon 
  investigating 
  the 
  subject 
  carefully 
  Dr. 
  Hoffman 
  has 
  

   found 
  that 
  the 
  ammonium 
  chloride 
  disappears 
  entirely 
  during 
  the 
  

   fermentation 
  of 
  the 
  dough 
  and 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  utilized 
  by 
  the 
  yeast 
  in 
  

   forming 
  new 
  cells 
  and 
  is 
  evidently 
  converted 
  by 
  the 
  yeast 
  into 
  

  

  