﻿Jaggar 
  — 
  Lava 
  Flow 
  from 
  Maim 
  a 
  Loa, 
  1916. 
  269 
  

  

  the 
  fume 
  column 
  showing 
  that 
  the 
  first 
  extension 
  of 
  the 
  lava 
  

   from 
  the 
  vent 
  was 
  eastward, 
  all 
  being 
  dark 
  to 
  the 
  west 
  of 
  it. 
  

   It 
  was 
  a 
  clear, 
  calm 
  night, 
  and 
  there 
  was 
  not 
  the 
  slightest 
  noise 
  

   or 
  perceptible 
  quaking 
  of 
  the 
  ground. 
  We 
  were 
  obliged 
  to 
  

   awaken 
  the 
  residents 
  of 
  Hutchinson 
  Plantation 
  and 
  Waiohinu 
  

   who 
  were 
  unaware 
  of 
  the 
  eruption 
  although 
  the 
  sky 
  above 
  them 
  

   was 
  brilliant 
  with 
  a 
  ruddy 
  glare. 
  

  

  At 
  2 
  a. 
  m. 
  May 
  22, 
  W. 
  Yredenburg, 
  manager 
  of 
  Kahuku 
  

   Ranch, 
  rode 
  inland 
  between 
  the 
  1868 
  and 
  1887 
  flows 
  and 
  after 
  

   passing 
  the 
  koa 
  forest, 
  came 
  to 
  the 
  open 
  country 
  of 
  the 
  upland 
  

   and 
  saw 
  two 
  flows 
  in 
  rapid 
  motion 
  headed 
  respectively 
  south- 
  

   east 
  and 
  south-southeast 
  at 
  a 
  distance 
  approximately 
  ten 
  miles 
  

   (16 
  km.) 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  road. 
  

  

  At 
  daylight 
  May 
  22 
  looking 
  northwest 
  from 
  the 
  Kahuku 
  

   Ranch 
  gate, 
  we 
  saw 
  the 
  main 
  fume 
  column 
  extending 
  itself 
  in 
  

   a 
  series 
  of 
  puffs 
  developing 
  to 
  the 
  right 
  or 
  northward. 
  This 
  

   may 
  have 
  been 
  the 
  beginning 
  of 
  the 
  second 
  flow 
  which 
  poured 
  

   westward 
  during 
  the 
  next 
  twelve 
  hours. 
  This 
  western, 
  or 
  

   Kona 
  flow, 
  passed 
  through 
  the 
  land 
  called 
  Honomalino, 
  a 
  cattle 
  

   ranch, 
  and 
  its 
  progress 
  southwestward 
  was 
  mostly 
  accomplished 
  

   during 
  this 
  day, 
  for 
  no 
  glow 
  in 
  that 
  direction 
  was 
  seen 
  before 
  

   daylight, 
  w 
  T 
  hereas 
  on 
  the 
  following 
  night 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  illumina- 
  

   tion 
  was 
  on 
  that 
  side. 
  

  

  Distribution 
  of 
  1916 
  Lava. 
  

  

  To 
  make 
  clear 
  the 
  general 
  arrangement 
  of 
  these 
  flows 
  of 
  

   1916, 
  there 
  is 
  here 
  reproduced 
  (fig. 
  4) 
  a 
  tracing 
  from 
  a 
  rough 
  

   sketch 
  map 
  made 
  by 
  a 
  government 
  surveyor 
  of 
  the 
  Territory 
  

   of 
  Hawaii 
  after 
  the 
  eruption 
  showing 
  known 
  trigonometric 
  

   stations. 
  As 
  shown 
  on 
  Baldwin's 
  map 
  of 
  Hawaii,* 
  the 
  1907 
  

   lava 
  flow 
  originated 
  in 
  a 
  fissure 
  extending 
  some 
  miles 
  above 
  

   Puu 
  o 
  Keokeo, 
  but 
  the 
  main 
  outpouring 
  of 
  that 
  year 
  was 
  from 
  

   an 
  opening 
  below 
  Puu 
  o 
  Keokeo, 
  which 
  perhaps 
  remained 
  

   open 
  after 
  the 
  upper 
  fissure 
  had 
  closed 
  so 
  that 
  it 
  came 
  to 
  be 
  

   considered 
  the 
  1907 
  source. 
  Fig. 
  4 
  shows 
  only 
  this 
  lower 
  1907 
  

   orifice. 
  The 
  1916 
  lava 
  welled 
  up 
  cracks 
  extending 
  three 
  and 
  

   a 
  half 
  miles 
  (5*6 
  km.), 
  about 
  !N~. 
  10° 
  E. 
  from 
  Puu 
  o 
  Keokeo, 
  

   the 
  zone 
  of 
  outpouring 
  being 
  about 
  thirty 
  feet 
  (9 
  m.) 
  wide, 
  

   and 
  bending 
  more 
  to 
  the 
  northeast 
  above. 
  There 
  is 
  more 
  lava 
  

   to 
  the 
  north 
  and 
  east 
  than 
  the 
  map 
  shows. 
  The 
  elevation 
  of 
  

   this 
  source 
  rift 
  lies 
  from 
  6500 
  to 
  7500 
  feet 
  (2000 
  to 
  2300 
  in.) 
  

   above 
  sea-level. 
  Along 
  it 
  about 
  ten 
  new 
  cones 
  were 
  developed 
  

   in 
  1916 
  of 
  lava 
  and 
  vari-colored 
  cinders, 
  and 
  the 
  upper 
  mile 
  

   (1*6 
  km.) 
  is 
  solfataric 
  with 
  much 
  sulphur 
  deposit 
  and 
  no 
  lava 
  

   except 
  as 
  spatter. 
  The 
  lava 
  flow 
  eastward 
  in 
  Kahuku 
  poured 
  

   from 
  cones 
  for 
  about 
  one 
  mile 
  north 
  of 
  Puu 
  o 
  Keokeo, 
  and 
  

  

  *Loc. 
  cit., 
  p. 
  622. 
  

  

  