﻿27rt 
  Jaggar—Lava 
  Flow 
  from 
  Mauna 
  Zoa, 
  1916. 
  

  

  The 
  advancing 
  flood 
  became 
  deflected 
  to 
  the 
  west 
  and 
  tumbled 
  

   over 
  the 
  bank 
  of 
  congealed 
  lava 
  into 
  the 
  vegetation 
  at 
  our 
  feet 
  

   not 
  fifty 
  yards 
  (46 
  m.) 
  away. 
  The 
  liquid 
  would 
  develop 
  a 
  eindery 
  

   surface 
  and 
  then 
  congeal 
  into 
  what 
  appeared 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  glowing 
  mass 
  

   of 
  coals. 
  The 
  only 
  odor 
  was 
  of 
  the 
  carbon 
  gases 
  and 
  these 
  were 
  

   strong 
  and 
  oppressive, 
  particularly 
  as 
  we 
  were 
  directly 
  to 
  leeward 
  

   and 
  a 
  fresh 
  breeze 
  was 
  blowing 
  from 
  the 
  northeast. 
  The 
  heat 
  

   was 
  intense, 
  and 
  occasionally 
  fierce 
  small 
  whirlwinds 
  developed 
  

   at 
  the 
  edge 
  of 
  the 
  hot 
  flood 
  and 
  moved 
  along 
  the 
  border 
  with 
  a 
  

   whistling 
  noise, 
  carrying 
  up 
  clouds 
  of 
  grit 
  and 
  smoke. 
  Out 
  in 
  

   the 
  molten 
  river 
  gigantic 
  bubbles 
  would 
  occasionally 
  burst 
  with 
  

   a 
  thud 
  but 
  there 
  were 
  no 
  fountains 
  as 
  in 
  Halemaumau. 
  Cascade 
  

   beyond 
  cascade 
  could 
  be 
  seen 
  up 
  stream 
  vanishing 
  into 
  the 
  hot 
  

   vibrant 
  fume 
  of 
  the 
  distance 
  and 
  I 
  was 
  much 
  impressed 
  by 
  the 
  

   piling-up 
  effect 
  of 
  this 
  motion, 
  the 
  advance 
  being 
  always 
  by 
  over- 
  

   flow. 
  This 
  is 
  in 
  marked 
  contrast 
  to 
  the 
  usual 
  mechanism 
  of 
  

   pahoehoe 
  flow 
  where 
  the 
  new 
  floods 
  push 
  out 
  from 
  beneath 
  in 
  

   tongues 
  which 
  break 
  through 
  the 
  skin, 
  or 
  else 
  a 
  crust 
  breaks 
  up 
  

   and 
  founders 
  in 
  the 
  rising 
  melt. 
  No 
  crusts 
  whatever 
  were 
  seen 
  

   forming 
  on 
  this 
  aa. 
  There 
  were 
  moving 
  blocks 
  and 
  there 
  was 
  

   the 
  red 
  hot 
  flood. 
  When 
  it 
  cooled, 
  it 
  appeared 
  to 
  cool 
  as 
  a 
  unit 
  

   and 
  the 
  new 
  floods 
  overflowed 
  it. 
  There 
  w 
  T 
  ere 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  patches 
  

   of 
  roundish 
  shape 
  in 
  the 
  chilled 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  flow 
  which 
  resembled 
  

   pahoehoe. 
  These 
  were 
  probably 
  blocks 
  transported 
  from 
  far 
  

   above 
  where 
  near 
  the 
  vent 
  the 
  flow 
  actually 
  was 
  pahoehoe. 
  

  

  The 
  front 
  of 
  the 
  overriding 
  flow 
  was 
  advancing 
  in 
  the 
  direction 
  

   S.15° 
  E. 
  The 
  under- 
  flow 
  was 
  in 
  two 
  lobes, 
  one 
  leaf-shaped 
  and 
  

   headed 
  in 
  this 
  direction 
  and 
  one 
  more 
  to 
  the 
  east 
  pushing 
  for- 
  

   ward 
  very 
  slowly 
  at 
  a 
  rate 
  estimated 
  sixty 
  feet 
  (18 
  m 
  ) 
  per 
  hour. 
  

  

  Between 
  2 
  p. 
  m. 
  and 
  7 
  p. 
  m., 
  according 
  to 
  Messrs. 
  Bonesteel 
  

   and 
  Moses, 
  the 
  fan-like 
  advance 
  pool 
  which 
  we 
  had 
  seen 
  overran 
  

   the 
  leaf-shaped 
  lobe 
  and 
  coursed 
  down 
  the 
  koa 
  slope 
  carrying 
  the 
  

   forest 
  before 
  it, 
  following 
  the 
  western 
  margin 
  of 
  Pele 
  o 
  Iki. 
  This 
  

   became 
  the 
  main 
  Kahuku 
  front 
  and 
  flowed 
  a 
  mile 
  farther, 
  stopping 
  

   on 
  the 
  paddock 
  about 
  seven 
  miles 
  (11 
  km.) 
  from 
  the 
  road. 
  The 
  

   flood 
  would 
  surround 
  the 
  trees, 
  burn 
  them 
  and 
  uproot 
  them, 
  and 
  

   in 
  some 
  cases 
  the 
  koas 
  were 
  seen 
  to 
  be 
  carried 
  along 
  upright 
  like 
  

   blazing 
  torches 
  before 
  they 
  toppled 
  over 
  and 
  were 
  engulfed. 
  At 
  

   the 
  front 
  the 
  flow 
  was 
  only 
  a 
  few 
  hundred 
  feet 
  wide. 
  

  

  An 
  interesting 
  mechanism 
  w 
  r 
  hich 
  occurred 
  whenever 
  the 
  flow 
  

   poured 
  over 
  old 
  cavernous 
  pahoehoe 
  was 
  furnished 
  by 
  gas 
  explo- 
  

   sions 
  in 
  caves. 
  This 
  was 
  probably 
  coal 
  gas 
  mixed 
  with 
  air. 
  

   Detonations 
  were 
  frequently 
  heard, 
  and 
  the 
  writer 
  saw 
  the 
  dust 
  

   from 
  one 
  of 
  these 
  explosions 
  a 
  few 
  feet 
  away, 
  puff 
  up 
  through 
  

   cracks 
  above 
  a 
  cavern. 
  The 
  old 
  rock 
  was 
  very 
  hot, 
  and 
  it 
  was 
  

   evident 
  that 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  hot 
  gases 
  and 
  perhaps 
  the 
  new 
  lava 
  had 
  

   penetrated 
  a 
  subterranean 
  tube. 
  Mr. 
  L. 
  A. 
  Thurston 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  

   region 
  on 
  the 
  following 
  day 
  found 
  several 
  of 
  these 
  places 
  where 
  

   the 
  whole 
  roof 
  of 
  the 
  cavern 
  had 
  blown 
  off 
  and 
  large 
  blocks 
  of 
  

   rock 
  were 
  strewn 
  about 
  several 
  feet 
  from 
  the 
  orifice. 
  

  

  