﻿Jaggar 
  — 
  Lava 
  Flow 
  from 
  Manna 
  Loa, 
  1916. 
  275 
  

  

  The 
  noise 
  of 
  the 
  lava 
  itself 
  in 
  motion 
  was 
  not 
  great. 
  It 
  was 
  a 
  

   splashing 
  sound, 
  and 
  where 
  the 
  pasty 
  lava 
  dripped 
  the 
  quickly 
  

   cooled 
  droplets 
  fell 
  witli 
  a 
  tinkle. 
  The 
  bubbles 
  bursting 
  made 
  

   thudding 
  noises, 
  but 
  there 
  was 
  no 
  sustained 
  explosive 
  fountaining 
  

   such 
  as 
  the 
  writer 
  had 
  imagined. 
  In 
  general 
  the 
  advancing 
  floods 
  

   were 
  unexpectedly 
  noiseless. 
  The 
  horses 
  advanced 
  fearlessly 
  to 
  

   within 
  two 
  hundred 
  feet 
  of 
  where 
  the 
  liquid 
  lava 
  to 
  windward 
  

   was 
  actually 
  cascading 
  on 
  to 
  the 
  grass 
  and 
  bushes, 
  and 
  showed 
  as 
  

   complete 
  indifference 
  as 
  they 
  would 
  to 
  a 
  camp 
  fire. 
  In 
  the 
  for- 
  

   est, 
  of 
  course, 
  there 
  were 
  the 
  noises 
  of 
  falling 
  timber 
  and 
  crack- 
  

   ling 
  flames. 
  

  

  The 
  various 
  estimates 
  of 
  rate 
  of 
  motion 
  of 
  lava 
  flows 
  which 
  

   different 
  observers 
  reported 
  of 
  these 
  flows 
  were 
  based 
  usually 
  on 
  

   observed 
  progress 
  of 
  the 
  runways 
  compared 
  to 
  a 
  man's 
  pace. 
  

   But 
  the 
  runways 
  are 
  no 
  measure 
  of 
  the 
  movement 
  of 
  the 
  lobe 
  as 
  

   a 
  whole, 
  nor 
  is 
  the 
  movement 
  of 
  a 
  lobe 
  a 
  measure 
  of 
  the 
  advance 
  

   of 
  the 
  whole 
  arm 
  of 
  lava 
  which 
  may 
  be 
  slowly 
  pushing 
  down 
  a 
  

   grade. 
  The 
  flows 
  progress 
  apparently 
  by 
  impulses 
  of 
  overflood- 
  

   ing 
  into 
  hollows, 
  the 
  central 
  vent 
  above 
  feeding 
  a 
  great 
  pooled 
  

   area. 
  Somewhere 
  the 
  margin 
  of 
  this 
  area 
  finds 
  outlets. 
  From 
  

   what 
  the 
  writer 
  saw 
  he 
  would 
  judge 
  five 
  miles 
  (8 
  km.) 
  an 
  hour 
  to 
  

   be 
  a 
  fast 
  rate 
  for 
  the 
  rush 
  of 
  the 
  runways, 
  and 
  half 
  a 
  mile 
  (800 
  m.) 
  

   an 
  hour 
  for 
  average 
  general 
  progress 
  of 
  a 
  flow 
  as 
  a 
  whole 
  during 
  

   its 
  most 
  rapid 
  advance 
  on 
  a 
  steep 
  slope. 
  This 
  progress 
  appears 
  

   to 
  be 
  not 
  gradual, 
  but 
  in 
  spasms, 
  with 
  intervals 
  of 
  many 
  hours 
  of 
  

   stagnation. 
  

  

  At 
  midnight 
  May 
  24, 
  the 
  profile 
  north 
  from 
  the 
  Kahuku 
  gate 
  

   showed 
  a 
  column 
  of 
  dark 
  smoke 
  thought 
  to 
  be 
  burning 
  forest, 
  

   bright 
  flames 
  at 
  two 
  points 
  shooting 
  up 
  on 
  its 
  right, 
  and 
  strong 
  

   radiance 
  both 
  east 
  and 
  west 
  of 
  the 
  smoke 
  column. 
  The 
  smoke 
  

   and 
  flames 
  were 
  at 
  the 
  front 
  of 
  the 
  Kahuku 
  flow, 
  and 
  so 
  nearer 
  

   the 
  observer, 
  while 
  the 
  radiance 
  was 
  from 
  the 
  floods 
  of 
  molten 
  

   stuff 
  in 
  the 
  distance. 
  

  

  R. 
  McWayne 
  about 
  this 
  time 
  reported 
  for 
  the 
  head 
  of 
  the 
  

   Honomalmoflowacone 
  about 
  the 
  7000-foot 
  (2300 
  m.) 
  level 
  ejecting 
  

   with 
  a 
  roar 
  high 
  lava 
  fountains 
  and 
  blocks 
  of 
  rock. 
  There 
  were 
  two 
  

   main 
  vents 
  in 
  action, 
  both 
  above 
  Pun 
  o 
  Keokeo 
  and 
  in 
  aline 
  with 
  

   it, 
  the 
  higher 
  feeding 
  several 
  tongues 
  in 
  motion 
  toward 
  Kona, 
  

   the 
  lower 
  supplying 
  the 
  Kahuku 
  flows. 
  

  

  Vredenburg 
  left 
  the 
  Kahuku 
  flow 
  at 
  2 
  a. 
  m. 
  May 
  25. 
  The 
  

   main 
  lobe 
  had 
  then 
  advanced 
  three 
  quarters 
  of 
  a 
  mile 
  in 
  twelve 
  

   hours, 
  and 
  the 
  eastern 
  lobe 
  had 
  pushed 
  forward 
  somewhat 
  along 
  

   the 
  east 
  margin 
  of 
  Pele 
  o 
  Iki. 
  The 
  main 
  front 
  was 
  stagnant 
  and 
  

   three 
  hundred 
  feet 
  (92 
  m.) 
  in 
  width, 
  widening 
  above. 
  The 
  main 
  

   direction 
  was 
  about 
  S. 
  15° 
  E. 
  

  

  During 
  this 
  day 
  the 
  main 
  flow 
  advanced 
  a 
  quarter 
  of 
  a 
  mile 
  

   (400 
  m.) 
  farther, 
  there 
  was 
  some 
  activity 
  and 
  burning 
  forest 
  on 
  

   the 
  front 
  of 
  the 
  east 
  lobe, 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  westward 
  glowing 
  lava 
  

   could 
  be 
  seen 
  in 
  motion 
  overriding 
  the 
  flows 
  already 
  cooled. 
  

  

  